Blamed different parental interest in education.Working class also more likely to live in cramped conditions and have poorer diet which effects work. (CULTURAL)
Differences in language. Middle class have 'elaborated code' learnt from home and working class have 'restricted code' so wealthier children naturally do better in exams. (CULTURAL)
Interviews in a Chicago high school found that teachers had an image of the 'ideal pupil'- had middle class mannerisms and appearance. (INFORMALCUR.) 1950's
Found teachers stereotyped children into groups based on speculation, elaboration and stabilisation. (INFORMAL CUR.)
Middle class children have higher 'cultural capital' to suceed as they watch the right TV and read the right books so they have extra knowledge to do better. (CULTURAL)
Material factors to blame due to 'hidden cost of education' Working class family unable to support children financially. Uniform, school trips, stationary etc. Child left isolated (MATERIAL) 1995
Children were placed into 'fast learners' and 'less able' tables based on appearance and parents background. (INFORM CUR.) 1970
He analysed banding system in free schools. Found that pupils from non-manual backgrounds dominated the higher sets. KEDDIE (1983) supports (INFORMAL CUR.)
Curriculum designed by power in society to reinforce dominance due to 'high culture'. Knowledge learnt by working class is devalued and designed so they struggle. (FORMAL CUR.)
Middle and working class parents have different values. Middle class value education and opportunities, working class see education as negative. (CULTURAL)
Argue tuition fee's and loans is a major put off to children in low-income families. Those with part-time jobs to cover debt suffer with their studies. (MATERIAL) 2003
'Lads' created anti-school subculture with their peers to exaggerate working class background. (PEERS)
Argue that relationships and experiences in school prepare us for the workplace. Working class people destined to work for others in lower positions - correspondence principle.. (WIDER) 1976
Lower class pupils placed in lower class sets by teachers. (INFORMAL CUR.) 2001
'Flight from parenting' Claims children have too many rights and power in the family. Also than an increase in single parenting can harm child's education. (CULTURAL)
Believed that material factors are more important than cultural factors. Eg. Private education. Harrow. (MATERIAL) 1980
Private school girls had high non-traditional career ambitions and interested in politics whilst state school girls wanted to be hairdressers etc not politically aware. (MATERIAL)
Supports WILLIS with the 'Macho Lads' - Subculture in school based on class. (PEERS)
Working class 'Lads' were aware of their proletariat role in society and destined for manual work.Education waste of time. (WIDER) 1977
Study where 20% of an american school were told they were going to do well and they ended up doing better than the non-sample. Can show how harmful labelling is. Unethical/Outdated (INFORMALCUR.) 1968
In 2006, what % of children from parents of higher professional occupations got 5A*-C grades?
In 2006, what % of children from parents of routine occupations got 5A*-C grades
Supports HYMAN, that the differences in social class are developed in the workplace environment which worked hand-in-hand with education.
What test for grammar schools supports BOURDIEU that education is designed for the working class to struggle?
In 2008, what % of people eligible for free school meals got 5A*-C grades?
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