| Cell injury that falls short of cell death=? |
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| Cell death following the death of an animal=? |
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| Cell death in a programmed and orderly fashion=? |
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| Lysis and fermentation by anaerobic bacteria=? |
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| Apoptosis can occur during the course of... |
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| With what form of cell death would you associate the bystander effect? |
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| What are the four stages of apoptosis? |
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| What is the name given to enzymes which cleave at Cys-Asp residues? |
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| What is the most important molecule released from mitochondrial membranes by the enzymes in question 20? (in terms of the progression of apoptosis) |
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| What are the targets of the enzymes from question 20 and 21? |
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| Which protein works in opposition to apoptosis by inhibiting cytochrome C release from mitochondria? |
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| Which two proteins are related to the protein from #26, but are pro-apoptosis and act by interfering with its actions? |
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| TNF and FAS ligand will both act as _______ ______ when they bind with their cell membrane receptors? |
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| Which of the following is not a positive signal promoting apoptosis? FAS ligand, viral inffection, DNA damage, withdrawal of growth factors, cytotoxic T cell interaction? |
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| What substance would be used by a cytotoxic T cell to create openings in a cell's membrane? |
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| After perforating the cell membrane, what chemical would be injected to lyse proteins and activate execution enzymes? |
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| What would cause functional p53 to accumulate in the cell? In what stage of the cell cycle would it attempt to arrest the cell? |
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| What are the common methods of cell injury? |
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| Vitamin C, E and A and glutathione peroxidase are important examples of? |
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| True or false: a cell can look normal for only about an hour after it is functionally dead? |
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| True or false: calcium channel blockers may serve to keep cells alive for a longer period of time? |
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| What are three nuclear signs of necrosis? |
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| What is the result when proteolytic enzymes of adjacent tissues are for any reason unable to reach a section of tissue which has undergone coagulative necrosis? |
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| Why do cells remain as 'ghosts' for a few hours after death during coagulative necrosis? |
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| If neutrophils are quickly attracted to a site of necrosis, or it is caused by an infection by bacteria with proteolytic enzymes, what form of necrosis will occur? |
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| Which tissue will typically always undergo liquefactive necrosis? |
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| If necrosis attracts few neutrophils and many macrophages, or is caused by a highly toxogenic bacterial infection, what would the expected form of the necrosis be? |
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| Necrosis of fat will result in what? |
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| Hypercalcemia can result from...? |
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| You observe severe hepatic lipidosis on a liver biopsy taken from a dairy cow. What does she probably suffer from? |
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| A middle aged dog in your clinic has presented with severe fatty liver. What immediately is placed at the top of your differential diagnosis list? |
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| If a patient with a fatty liver also has fibrosis and congestion in their liver ('nutmeg liver') what is this a sign of? |
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| What intracellular inclusion would not be of any concern if it were found in liver cells, myocardial cells or neurons of aged patients? |
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| What is the name for the build up of immunoglobulin in aging plasma cells? |
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| What breed of dog is most commonly associated with hepatopathy due to copper storage illnesses? |
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| True or false: anthracosis would be a normal finding in a 7 year old dog that has lived in a major city its whole life? |
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| What would tend to cause more fibrosis than anthracosis, and can be the result of reactions to coal, asbestos, or silica? |
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| What may cause ischemic hypoxia? |
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| True or false: infarction has only occurred if all components of a tissue have died? |
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| An in situ thrombosis has occured in the lungs, in a vein. Is this a best case or worst case scenario for ischemia? |
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| Oxygen may catalyse reactions associated with cytoplasmic xanthine oxidase and purine metabolites to cause...? |
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| Organs with dichotomous branching of blood vessels usually have _____ shaped sections of infarction? |
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| True or false: an arterial infarct will never share the same initial appearance as a venous one? |
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| When red blood cells begin to break down, list the colours it will turn in order, along with the pigment causing it in brackets? |
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| True or false: bone, muscle and spleen are the most common locations for sequestrae to form? |
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| Which of the renal tubules is most vulnerable to nercosis as a result of toxins? |
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| What are three watershed zones found in horse GI tract? |
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| True or false: Transient ischemia may occur as a result of the normal functioning of the renin-angiotensin system? |
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| What drug class might cause an animal to suffer medullary/renal papillary infarctions? What animal would be particularly vulnerable to this? Why? |
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| Microthrombi in the vascular beds leading to damage to the digital extremities would be associated with what form of bacterial septicemia? |
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| How might a careless vet or tech cause necrosis in the immediate aftermath of closing up a surgical patient? |
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| If the pattern of necrosis is random and multifocal across the body, the pathogen is... |
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| A patient presents with necrosis in the kidneys, periacinar hepatocytes and poioencaphalomalacia. What are the two most likely causes? |
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ntyndall
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