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Metabolic disorders Stats
Can you name the Metabolic disorders
By
ntyndall
20m
139 Questions
14 Plays
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Score
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Hint
Answer
% Correct
Which of the following is not a function of calcium?
e
71.4%
Milk fever and parturient paresis are both terms indicating?
hypocalcemia
64.3%
Which of the following is not a potential pathophysiology of milk fever?
d
57.1%
What percentage of the body pool of calcium resides in bone?
99%
50%
True or false: binding of PTH to its receptor cannot occur with hypomagnesemia?
false, signalling to increase vitamin D and whatnot does not occur after the binding unless magnesium ions are bound also
50%
What organ is responsible for synthesis of 1,25-
(OH)2 vitamin D?
kidney
50%
Which of the following clinical signs would not be associated with Stage I hypocalcemia (prodromal stage)?
d), this is a stage II sign. Stage I may also include mild tachycardia, fine muscle tremors, and dystocia, potentailly retained placenta
50%
Which of the following is not a sign of stage III hypocalcemia?
a), it will be lateral recumbency past stage II. The animal has very poor cardiac function and may die by respiratory failure
50%
The peri-
parturient period runs from _
weeks before birth to _
-
_
weeks after.
2
42.9%
True or false: roughly 5x the plasma pool of calcium is required PER MILKING in early lactation?
false, roughly 9x.
42.9%
Focal muscle tremors, depression and anorexia, variable rectal temperature, weak pulse, increased HR, and bloat are all signs of what stage of hypocalcemia?
stage II
42.9%
What is the incidence of hypocalcemia in high producing dairy cattle?
5-10%
35.7%
True or false: hypomagnesemia decreases the amount of PTH released in response to hypocalcemia?
true
35.7%
What breed is predisposed to hypocalcemia more than others?
jersey
28.6%
If seeking to prevent relapses of milk fever, one should not use subcutaneous calcium with high _
_
_
_
_
solutions.
dextrose, causes necrosis and sloughing due to irritation
28.6%
Which of the following is a likely secondary complication of milk fever?
f, others include teat trauma, metritis, musculoskeletal trauma, aspiration pneumonia
28.6%
In late dry cow period, one should seek to prevent milk fever by _
_
_
_
_
the diet.
acidify
28.6%
Which of the following is NOT an anionic salt that might be used to prevent alkalosis?
e), you can have any combinaton of magnesium, calcium or ammonium and sulfate or chloride, or HCl.
28.6%
True or false: Hyperphosphatemia would be normal with hypocalcemia?
false, it tends to decrease due to increased PTH causing net loss through urine and saliva, although it is also being resorbed from bone. Decreased intake due to low DMI can also be a factor
28.6%
True or false: a normal magnesium level in the blood does not rule out grass tetany?
true, it can be falsely elevated after a convulsion
28.6%
Which of the following is not a sign of hypomagnesemic tetany?
b), tachycardia is
28.6%
Which of the following would not likely form a part of your herd's prevention plan for hypomagnesemic tetany?
d
28.6%
True or false: Cows normally intake more dry matter in preparation for parturition, as an evolutionary mechanism to reduce hypocalcemia?
false, they reduce intake by ~20%, which seems to make the problem worse, causing decreased calcium intake, decreased intestinal motility, worsened hypocalcemia
28.6%
Which of the following is NOT a test you should perform on a cow sick in the periparturient period?
f
28.6%
True or false: dextrose containing fluids will actually make hypophosphatemia worse, compared to most diseases of downer cows?
true
28.6%
Ketones in urine are called? In blood? Milk?
ketonuria
28.6%
ketonemia
28.6%
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
comes in 500 mL bottles, and is a good treatment for milk fever.
calcium borogluconate, should be administered over 10-20 minutes
21.4%
2 hours
21.4%
If I add sodium and potassium ions and subtract chlorine and sulfur, this would give me?
Dietary cation-anion difference
21.4%
5.8-
6.2 is the ideal urine pH in the late dry cow period for _
_
_
_
_
, all others are optimal at 6.0-
6.5
Jerseys
21.4%
Grass staggers, grass tetany and lactation tetany are all more colourful terms for?
hypomagnesemic tetany (hypomagnesemia)
21.4%
What condition should be considered in downer cows refractory to calcium administration?
hypophosphatemia, most will resolve with IV calcium ion administration, but some require separate NaPO4 administration.
21.4%
True or false: grass tetany is more common in dairy cattle?
false, more common in beef cattle. Grazing of heavily fertilized pastures (nitrogen and or potassium fertilizers, compete with magnesium for uptake by plant) during lactation is a major risk factor
21.4%
Which of the following would not be a risk factor for hypomagnesemic tetany?
c), actually more likely in spring or fall
21.4%
If you had to sample a cow that had died 14 hours ago, and you wanted to see if hypomagnesemic tetany was the cause, what fluid would you sample at this time?
vitreous humour, which is reliable for less than 48 hours, but your'e outside the range for CSF (less than 12 hours) and serum is not reliable PM.
21.4%
What organ produces 1-
hydroxyvitamin D, which is converted by hte kidneys to 1,25-
dihydroxyvitamin D?
liver
21.4%
bone
21.4%
True or false: due to the horrible complications of hypophosphatemia, diets should contain over 80 grams of phosphorus per day?
false, 0.4% is the minimum phosphorus content, but higher than 80 grams of phophorus a day can block vitamin D production by the kidneys, predisposing to hypocalcemia.
21.4%
Intraruminal boluses of these growth potentiating antibiotics may help prevent hypomagnesemic tetany?
ionophores
21.4%
Which of the following is not a volatile fatty acid (VFA) produced from starch in ruminants?
c)
21.4%
8-
10 weeks post-
partum, the _
_
_
peaks.
Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
21.4%
What does NEFA stand for?
Non-Esterified Fatty Acid
21.4%
The average dairy cow loses 30-
100kg in the first _
months of lactation?
2
21.4%
If NEFAs cannot all be transported into mitochondria of hepatocyes, they are re-
esterified into triglycerdies and packaged into?
very low density lipoproteins
21.4%
What happens if triglycerides are forced to accumualte in the cytoplasm of hepatoctes because enough VLDLs cannot be generated?
hepatic lipidosis
21.4%
True or false: all cows get fat accumulation and ketosis during late gestation and periparturient period?
false, all cows get fat accumulation in the liver, not all cows get ketosis
21.4%
Hint
Answer
% Correct
True or false: ideally all cows would be fat close-
up to parturition, so they have lots of energy stores when they decrease dry matter intake?
false, you want cows 3-3.5 out of 5 on BCS. Fat increases risk for ketosis and hepatic lipidosis.
21.4%
Pregnancy toxemia most frequently occurs in ewes with this increased source of risk
carrying twins
21.4%
Which of the following is nto a clinical sign of uncomplicated clinical ketosis?
e), although animals may be dull OR exhibit 'nervous ketosis,' the TPR is supposed to be normal without concurrent infection causing pyrexia or endotoxemiaf
21.4%
True or false: Every vet worth their salt should be able to diagnose ketosis by odour of milk, breath, or urine?
false, only half the population can smell them.
21.4%
Which of the following is not a differential for nervous ketosis?
c), hypocalcemia is a differential for some clinical signs
21.4%
Which of the following is not a clinical sign of nervous ketosis?
b), the animal may also be belligerent, and suffer from cortical blindness which is alleviated with treatment. Permanent blindness is rare
21.4%
True or false: Cows suffering from hepatic lipidosis have similar clinical signs as with ketosis, but more severe.
True, also an increased susceptibility to endotoxins, due likely to fat accumulation in kupffer cells of the liver
21.4%
Between 1400 and 3000 umol/
L of Beta-
OH butyrate would be _
_
_
_
_
_
ketosis
subclinical
21.4%
_
_
_
_
levels of ketones will be half that of serum, _
_
_
_
levels will be 2-
20x as high.
milk
21.4%
urine
21.4%
Milk tests for ketones have moderate _
_
_
_
_
and high _
_
_
_
_
sensitivity
21.4%
specificity
21.4%
If I had to choose a screening test and a confirm test for ketones, I'd test _
_
_
_
_
to screen and _
_
_
_
to confirm.
urine
21.4%
milk or blood
21.4%
True or false: you may see leukocytosis and left shift due to hepatic lipidosis?
false, leukopenia and left shift due to decreased immune function of kuffer cells, predisposition to mastitis, metritis
21.4%
Which of the following would you not use to test the liver of a cow if you suspected hepatic lipidosis?
d), all cows have some fat infiltration into hepatocytes during late gestation
21.4%
Which of the following would not likely form a part of your treatment plan for mild clinical ketosis?
a), hepatic lipidosis is harder to treat and may require dextrose infusions, along with force feeding, insulin and rumen transfaunation, plus nursing care. PEM in beef cows and pregnancy toxemia also require IV fluids and dextrose support.
21.4%
True or false: C-
section is indicated in PEM but not pregnancy toxemia?
false, it's indicated in both after stabilization
21.4%
Which of the following has the worst prognosis?
e) PEM has the worst along with pregnancy toxemia of ewes. Hepatic lipidosis is guarded, other three are good
21.4%
Nutritional myopathy is a condition that arises when dams are fed a diet deficient in what?
Vitamin E and or Selenium
21.4%
True or false: Nutritional myopathy mainly affects 2-
4 month old animals, rarely adults?
True, perinatal cases are slightly more common than general adult cases, but the main victims are young rapidly growing animals.
21.4%
Which of the following is not a risk factor for selenium deficiency?
c), heat drying, ensiling and prolonged storage of feed tend to inactivate vitamin E, the others are risk factors for selenium deficiency
21.4%
True or false: white muscle disease can affect the skeletal muscles or the myocrdium causing acute heart failure?
true, will be bilaterally symmetrical when affecting skeletal muscles, and affect type I most
21.4%
What two muscle enzymes will be elevated to aid in diagnosis of nutritional myodegeneration?
Creatine kinase (CK)
21.4%
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
21.4%
True or false: the onset of white muscle disease is more or less random?
false, tends to happen due to stress or exercise.
21.4%
6-8
14.3%
Where in the bowel does calcium absorption mainly occur?
proximal small intestine, decreased DMI at parturition can decrease calcium, which decreases intestinal motility, and exacerbates the hypocalcemia
14.3%
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
is lowest in potassium compared to _
_
_
_
which are high in it.
corn silage
14.3%
With positive response to calcium therapy, the animal should immediate have _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
, and stand within _
hours.
muscle tremors
14.3%
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
in propylene glycol is a good oral calcium treatment to help prevent relapses.
calcium propionate
14.3%
forages
14.3%
You have just successfully treated a cow for hypomagnesemic tetany. What should you supplement her herd mates with? What should you treat her with to prevent relapse?
oral magnesium supplements
14.3%
subcutaneous magnesium
14.3%
Within minutes PTH exerts its effect on the _
_
_
_
_
, the effect on _
_
_
_
_
takes days
kidney
14.3%
What is the term meaning the process of filling the udder with air to reduce milk production? (A treatment for hypocalcemia)
udder insufflation
14.3%
True or false: a low concentration of magnesium in the urine is abnormal and indicative of hypermagenesemia?
false, if there is none it indicates hypomagnesemia, healthy animals secrete small amounts in urine
14.3%
Which of the VFAs is the most important? Why?
propionate
14.3%
Please name all the components that come out of triglycerides at the level when glucose is produced (i.e. what are NEFAs made into)?
Glucose
14.3%
Acetoacetate
14.3%
acetone
14.3%
beta-hydroxybutyrate
14.3%
use
14.3%
Of the components of VLDLs, which one is hypothesized to be insufficient when fatty liver occurs?
lipoprotein
14.3%
Hepatic lipidosis is likely to occur in the _
_
_
_
week after calving, associated with another disease causing anorexia, whereas ketosis will present in the _
_
_
_
or _
_
_
_
week after c
first
14.3%
Ketosis and _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
go hand in hand in the post-
partum period.
displaced abomasum
14.3%
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
frequency of feeding is better for optimal rumen health?
increased
14.3%
Hint
Answer
% Correct
Dry cow diets should contain at least _
% protein (DM basis)
8
14.3%
What condition are beef cows at highest risk for in winter, with inadequate feed supply or quantity, and when pregnant with twins?
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
14.3%
What is the 'undetectable' decrease in milk associated with subclinical ketosis (in kg/
day)?
1.0-1.4
14.3%
Subclinical ketosis predisposes cows to this reproductive tract problem, as well as decreased cycling.
cystic ovaries
14.3%
A realistic aim for subclinical ketosis prevalence in a high producing dairy herd is under _
_
percent?
30
14.3%
An animal with clinical ketosis will gradually develop anorexia, starting with refusal to eat _
_
_
_
, then _
_
_
_
, then finally _
_
_
_
_
.
grain
14.3%
silage
14.3%
forage
14.3%
ketolactia
14.3%
Cowside tests for ketonuria have high _
_
_
_
_
_
.
sensitivity, but false positives are common. Specificity is increased by ignoring instructures and reading after 5 rather than 15 seconds.
14.3%
With _
_
_
_
_
liver enzymes are normal, with _
_
_
_
_
they are likely high?
ketosis
14.3%
fatty liver (hepatic lipidosis)
14.3%
If given as a continuous rate infusion over 1-
2 days, _
_
% of IV dextrose stays in the cow.
80
14.3%
Vitamin E acts as an _
_
_
_
_
_
to prevent lipid hydroperoxide formation and prevent damage to lipid membranes and proteins.
antioxidant
14.3%
Selenium acts as a coenzyme for _
_
_
-
_
_
which destroys peroxides that have already formed?
GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase)
14.3%
The following is a list of symptoms potentially assocaited with _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
periparturient syndrome, may also present with recumbency, anorexia, depression, tachycardia, dehydration.
7.1%
With metabolic alkalosis, PTH receptors won't function because?
PTH can't bind
7.1%
Why would you administer anionic salts in a total mixed ration?
because TMRs do not permit selectivity, and these salts are poorly palatable
7.1%
How long will response to magnesium treatment take with grass tetany?
30-60 minutes
7.1%
Why might you hobble a cow's limbs when nursing it due to hypocalcemia?
Prevent splayed limbs during attempts to stand
7.1%
What would one be attempting to do if adding zeolite or vegetable oils to the diet of a cow that will be calving out soon?
reduce calcium absorption and prime the PTH response
7.1%
This ailment has been associated with hypophosphatemia, likely due to decreased ATP activity along RBC membranes, and disruption of osmotic gradient.
intravascular hemolysis, post-parturient hemoglobinuria
7.1%
It is used directly for gluconeogenesis
7.1%
The liver of ruminants stores a small amount of this chemical, which is quickly depleted in the face of increased demands for energy.
glycogen
7.1%
Some of the decrease in DMI in the peri-
parturient period is explaiend by hormones, the rest by this?
compression of the rumen by the expanding uterus
7.1%
In late gestation and early lactation the cow requires _
_
-
_
_
% more energy than normal, and takes in _
_
-
_
_
% less DMI.
30-75
7.1%
20-40
7.1%
Ketosis occurs when _
_
_
_
_
_
_
exceeds _
_
_
_
as an _
_
_
_
source.
production
7.1%
energy source
7.1%
Name another tissue in which fat deposits will occur during hepatic lipidosis?
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, adrenal glands, kidneys
7.1%
third or fourth
7.1%
Why does winter predipsose to ketosis?
lack of exercise due to indoor tie stall housing, cannot burn off ketones
7.1%
Silage high in _
_
_
_
_
acid can exacerbate ketosis
butyric
7.1%
A primary or accompanying disease entity exists in _
_
-
_
_
% of all cases of ketosis
30-40
7.1%
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
may falsely increase the value for b-
OH in serum, _
_
_
_
_
_
may decrease it.
hemolysis
7.1%
anti-coagulants
7.1%
Why would a test for muscle enzymes be indicated in a downer cow with hepatic lipidosis?
to check if muscle necrosis has occurred due to pressure.
7.1%
Glycerol and sodium propionate are alternatives to this oral source of propionate?
propylene glycol. (Remember that more is not better- you can change the rumen microenvironment and cause diarrhea, or even CNS depression and death with too much. 0.5 to 1 L once per day for 3-5 days.)
7.1%
What is a side effect of using dexamethasone to decrease tissue uptake of glucose?
reduced milk production for up to 1 week
7.1%
In the cow, these three tissues do not require insulin.
UDDER, brain and liver
7.1%
What additional effect might prompt one to treat neurological signs iwth chloral hydrate over an alpha 2?
increased starch breakdown into propionate in the rumen
7.1%
What renal abnormality may be noticed with white muscle disease?
myoglobinuria
7.1%
Even if an animal recovers from the skeletal form, what might they be chronically affected by?
muscle fibrosis
7.1%
What kind of diet should be avoided during the dry cow period to avoid alkalosis?
high potassium (high cations)
0%
Please give two other names for nutritional myopathy?
white muscle disease and nutritional myodegeneration
0%
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