The peri-parturient period runs from _ weeks before birth to _-_ weeks after. |
---|
|
| |
Milk fever and parturient paresis are both terms indicating? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a potential pathophysiology of milk fever? |
---|
|
|
What organ is responsible for synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D? |
---|
|
|
The following is a list of symptoms potentially assocaited with ________ _______ |
---|
|
|
What percentage of the body pool of calcium resides in bone? |
---|
|
|
True or false: roughly 5x the plasma pool of calcium is required PER MILKING in early lactation? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a function of calcium? |
---|
|
|
True or false: binding of PTH to its receptor cannot occur with hypomagnesemia? |
---|
|
|
Where in the bowel does calcium absorption mainly occur? |
---|
|
|
What is the incidence of hypocalcemia in high producing dairy cattle? |
---|
|
|
With metabolic alkalosis, PTH receptors won't function because? |
---|
|
|
What breed is predisposed to hypocalcemia more than others? |
---|
|
|
What kind of diet should be avoided during the dry cow period to avoid alkalosis? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following clinical signs would not be associated with Stage I hypocalcemia (prodromal stage)? |
---|
|
|
Focal muscle tremors, depression and anorexia, variable rectal temperature, weak pulse, increased HR, and bloat are all signs of what stage of hypocalcemia? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a sign of stage III hypocalcemia? |
---|
|
|
______ _______ comes in 500 mL bottles, and is a good treatment for milk fever. |
---|
|
|
With positive response to calcium therapy, the animal should immediate have ____ _____, and stand within _ hours. |
---|
|
|
|
If seeking to prevent relapses of milk fever, one should not use subcutaneous calcium with high _____ solutions. |
---|
|
|
_____ _______ in propylene glycol is a good oral calcium treatment to help prevent relapses. |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is a likely secondary complication of milk fever? |
---|
|
|
In late dry cow period, one should seek to prevent milk fever by _____ the diet. |
---|
|
|
_____ ______ is lowest in potassium compared to ____ which are high in it. |
---|
|
|
|
If I add sodium and potassium ions and subtract chlorine and sulfur, this would give me? |
---|
|
|
Why would you administer anionic salts in a total mixed ration? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT an anionic salt that might be used to prevent alkalosis? |
---|
|
|
5.8-6.2 is the ideal urine pH in the late dry cow period for _____, all others are optimal at 6.0-6.5 |
---|
|
|
True or false: Hyperphosphatemia would be normal with hypocalcemia? |
---|
|
|
Grass staggers, grass tetany and lactation tetany are all more colourful terms for? |
---|
|
|
True or false: grass tetany is more common in dairy cattle? |
---|
|
|
What condition should be considered in downer cows refractory to calcium administration? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following would not be a risk factor for hypomagnesemic tetany? |
---|
|
|
True or false: a normal magnesium level in the blood does not rule out grass tetany? |
---|
|
|
If you had to sample a cow that had died 14 hours ago, and you wanted to see if hypomagnesemic tetany was the cause, what fluid would you sample at this time? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a sign of hypomagnesemic tetany? |
---|
|
|
How long will response to magnesium treatment take with grass tetany? |
---|
|
|
You have just successfully treated a cow for hypomagnesemic tetany. What should you supplement her herd mates with? What should you treat her with to prevent relapse? |
---|
|
| |
Which of the following would not likely form a part of your herd's prevention plan for hypomagnesemic tetany? |
---|
|
|
What organ produces 1-hydroxyvitamin D, which is converted by hte kidneys to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D? |
---|
|
|
Within minutes PTH exerts its effect on the _____, the effect on _____ takes days |
---|
|
| |
True or false: hypomagnesemia decreases the amount of PTH released in response to hypocalcemia? |
---|
|
|
True or false: Cows normally intake more dry matter in preparation for parturition, as an evolutionary mechanism to reduce hypocalcemia? |
---|
|
|
What is the term meaning the process of filling the udder with air to reduce milk production? (A treatment for hypocalcemia) |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a test you should perform on a cow sick in the periparturient period? |
---|
|
|
Why might you hobble a cow's limbs when nursing it due to hypocalcemia? |
---|
|
|
What would one be attempting to do if adding zeolite or vegetable oils to the diet of a cow that will be calving out soon? |
---|
|
|
True or false: dextrose containing fluids will actually make hypophosphatemia worse, compared to most diseases of downer cows? |
---|
|
|
This ailment has been associated with hypophosphatemia, likely due to decreased ATP activity along RBC membranes, and disruption of osmotic gradient. |
---|
|
|
True or false: due to the horrible complications of hypophosphatemia, diets should contain over 80 grams of phosphorus per day? |
---|
|
|
True or false: a low concentration of magnesium in the urine is abnormal and indicative of hypermagenesemia? |
---|
|
|
Intraruminal boluses of these growth potentiating antibiotics may help prevent hypomagnesemic tetany? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a volatile fatty acid (VFA) produced from starch in ruminants? |
---|
|
|
Which of the VFAs is the most important? Why? |
---|
|
| |
The liver of ruminants stores a small amount of this chemical, which is quickly depleted in the face of increased demands for energy. |
---|
|
|
Some of the decrease in DMI in the peri-parturient period is explaiend by hormones, the rest by this? |
---|
|
|
In late gestation and early lactation the cow requires __-__% more energy than normal, and takes in __-__% less DMI. |
---|
|
| |
8-10 weeks post-partum, the ___ peaks. |
---|
|
|
What does NEFA stand for? |
---|
|
|
The average dairy cow loses 30-100kg in the first _ months of lactation? |
---|
|
|
Please name all the components that come out of triglycerides at the level when glucose is produced (i.e. what are NEFAs made into)? |
---|
|
|
|
If NEFAs cannot all be transported into mitochondria of hepatocyes, they are re-esterified into triglycerdies and packaged into? |
---|
|
|
Ketosis occurs when _______ exceeds ____ as an ____ source. |
---|
|
| |
True or false: all cows get fat accumulation and ketosis during late gestation and periparturient period? |
---|
|
|
What happens if triglycerides are forced to accumualte in the cytoplasm of hepatoctes because enough VLDLs cannot be generated? |
---|
|
|
Name another tissue in which fat deposits will occur during hepatic lipidosis? |
---|
|
|
Of the components of VLDLs, which one is hypothesized to be insufficient when fatty liver occurs? |
---|
|
|
Hepatic lipidosis is likely to occur in the ____ week after calving, associated with another disease causing anorexia, whereas ketosis will present in the ____ or ____ week after c |
---|
|
| |
Ketosis and _______ _______ go hand in hand in the post-partum period. |
---|
|
|
True or false: ideally all cows would be fat close-up to parturition, so they have lots of energy stores when they decrease dry matter intake? |
---|
|
|
Why does winter predipsose to ketosis? |
---|
|
|
_______ frequency of feeding is better for optimal rumen health? |
---|
|
|
Silage high in _____ acid can exacerbate ketosis |
---|
|
|
A primary or accompanying disease entity exists in __-__% of all cases of ketosis |
---|
|
|
Dry cow diets should contain at least _% protein (DM basis) |
---|
|
|
Pregnancy toxemia most frequently occurs in ewes with this increased source of risk |
---|
|
|
What condition are beef cows at highest risk for in winter, with inadequate feed supply or quantity, and when pregnant with twins? |
---|
|
|
What is the 'undetectable' decrease in milk associated with subclinical ketosis (in kg/day)? |
---|
|
|
Subclinical ketosis predisposes cows to this reproductive tract problem, as well as decreased cycling. |
---|
|
|
A realistic aim for subclinical ketosis prevalence in a high producing dairy herd is under __ percent? |
---|
|
|
An animal with clinical ketosis will gradually develop anorexia, starting with refusal to eat ____, then ____, then finally _____. |
---|
|
| |
Which of the following is nto a clinical sign of uncomplicated clinical ketosis? |
---|
|
|
True or false: Every vet worth their salt should be able to diagnose ketosis by odour of milk, breath, or urine? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a differential for nervous ketosis? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a clinical sign of nervous ketosis? |
---|
|
|
True or false: Cows suffering from hepatic lipidosis have similar clinical signs as with ketosis, but more severe. |
---|
|
|
Between 1400 and 3000 umol/L of Beta-OH butyrate would be ______ ketosis |
---|
|
|
Ketones in urine are called? In blood? Milk? |
---|
|
| |
_______ may falsely increase the value for b-OH in serum, ______ may decrease it. |
---|
|
| |
Cowside tests for ketonuria have high ______. |
---|
|
|
____ levels of ketones will be half that of serum, ____ levels will be 2-20x as high. |
---|
|
|
|
Milk tests for ketones have moderate _____ and high _____ |
---|
|
|
|
If I had to choose a screening test and a confirm test for ketones, I'd test _____ to screen and ____ to confirm. |
---|
|
|
|
True or false: you may see leukocytosis and left shift due to hepatic lipidosis? |
---|
|
|
With _____ liver enzymes are normal, with _____ they are likely high? |
---|
|
| |
Why would a test for muscle enzymes be indicated in a downer cow with hepatic lipidosis? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following would you not use to test the liver of a cow if you suspected hepatic lipidosis? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following would not likely form a part of your treatment plan for mild clinical ketosis? |
---|
|
|
True or false: C-section is indicated in PEM but not pregnancy toxemia? |
---|
|
|
If given as a continuous rate infusion over 1-2 days, __% of IV dextrose stays in the cow. |
---|
|
|
Glycerol and sodium propionate are alternatives to this oral source of propionate? |
---|
|
|
What is a side effect of using dexamethasone to decrease tissue uptake of glucose? |
---|
|
|
In the cow, these three tissues do not require insulin. |
---|
|
|
What additional effect might prompt one to treat neurological signs iwth chloral hydrate over an alpha 2? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following has the worst prognosis? |
---|
|
|
Please give two other names for nutritional myopathy? |
---|
|
|
Nutritional myopathy is a condition that arises when dams are fed a diet deficient in what? |
---|
|
|
Vitamin E acts as an ______ to prevent lipid hydroperoxide formation and prevent damage to lipid membranes and proteins. |
---|
|
|
Selenium acts as a coenzyme for ___-__ which destroys peroxides that have already formed? |
---|
|
|
True or false: Nutritional myopathy mainly affects 2-4 month old animals, rarely adults? |
---|
|
|
Which of the following is not a risk factor for selenium deficiency? |
---|
|
|
True or false: white muscle disease can affect the skeletal muscles or the myocrdium causing acute heart failure? |
---|
|
|
What two muscle enzymes will be elevated to aid in diagnosis of nutritional myodegeneration? |
---|
|
|
|
What renal abnormality may be noticed with white muscle disease? |
---|
|
|
Even if an animal recovers from the skeletal form, what might they be chronically affected by? |
---|
|
|
True or false: the onset of white muscle disease is more or less random? |
---|
|
|
Comments