actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around
the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around
being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) and hinders the performance of l
the idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group; presence of group provides anonymity and causes a l
the observation that, when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
refers to the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually
when an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will conform to the norms of the group; individual will feel internal conflict
simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions
explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior
tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group
refers to a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision; in attempt to eliminate conflict withi
the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
the belied that the group’s decisions are morally correct
the construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing opposition as disloyal
the withholding of opposing views
the false sense of agreement within the group
the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group, or groups with different cultures merge into one; usually uneven, crea
refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures; a cultural mosaic
process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs; individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits, and behaviors that are necessary for inclusion in soci
manner in which a society socializes its members
spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture
occurs during childhood, primarily through observation of parents and other adults in close proximity
process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society; occurs outside the home and is based on learning the rules of specific social environments,
process by which someone prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships
discarding of old behavior in favor of new ones to make a life change; positive or negative connotations, e.g. armed forces vs. indoctrination by a cult
societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior
widely observed social norms
socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, e.g. shaking hands after a sports match
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
extreme disapproval or dislike or a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
posits that the labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self-image; can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or co
deviance can be learned through interactions with others; it is the degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. ideals that go against them; when as
explains deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure; e.g. theft may arise as an attempt to achieve the social goal of the American d
matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms
changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
refers to the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas
change in behavior based on a direct request by a group or individual that has no actual power or authority of that individual
small request is made, after gaining compliance, a larger request is made
large request is made first, and after refused, a smaller request is made, often the actual goal of the requester
requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, then raise the cost of the commitment
an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected
changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure
focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
expression of negative or positive feelings toward a person, place, thing, or scenario
emotional component of attitude that refers to the way a person feels toward something
the way a person acts with respect to something
the way an individual thinks about something, usually justification for the affective and behavioral
states that attitudes serve four functions
provides consistency and stability; attitudes provide organization to thoughts and experiences, knowing attitudes of others helps predict their behaviors
allowing us to communicate and solidify our self-identity; wearing a hat of your favorite sports team
the idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
attitudes can protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
posits that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information
one extreme of this continuum, those who think deeply about information, scrutinize its meaning and purpose, and draw conclusions or make decisions based on this thought
other extreme of this continuum, those who do not elaborate, focusing on superficial details (appearance of the person delivering argument, catchphrases, slogans, and credibility)
postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others; i.e. not by trial-and-error, but by direct observation and replication of the a
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