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AP Biology Terms (ABA- Grana) Stats
Can you name the AP Biology Terms?
By
frannier
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371 Plays
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definition
term
% Correct
the site of photosynthesis in plant cells
chloroplast
28.6%
a nucleotide that binds with guanine. a pyrimidine
cytosine
26.1%
a protein that serves as a catalyst
enzyme
25.6%
a nucleotide that binds to thymine and uracil. it is a purine.
adenine
25.3%
hairlike extensions from the cytoplasm used for cell locomotion
cilia
24.8%
a genetic condition caused by trisomy 21
down syndrome
24%
programmed cell death
apoptosis
22.9%
the tail-
like structure that propels some single-
celled organisms. consist of microtubuls
flagella
22.9%
nonliving and includes temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks, and soil.
abiotic
22.4%
caused by pollutants in the air from combustion of fossil fuels. The pH is less than 5.6
acid rain
22.1%
flowering plants.
angiosperms
21.8%
the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I
crossing-over
21.8%
the type of inheritance when there is no trait that dominates over another; both traits show
codominance
20.2%
another name for the krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
19.9%
organisms that sythesize their own nutrients
autotrophs
19.7%
a form of photosynthesis that is an adaptation to dry conditions; stomates remain closed during the day and open only at night
CAM
19.4%
a nine-
step, anaerobic process that breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules and four ATP
glycolysis
19.4%
fat tissue
adipose
19.1%
a cross between individuals that are hybrid for two different traits, such as height and seed color
dihybrid cross
19.1%
the first 12 inches (30 cm) of the human small intestine
duodenum
19.1%
either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome joined at the centromere
chromatid
18.6%
all the organisms living in one area
community
18.6%
division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
18.6%
thin protein filaments that interact with myosin filaments in the contraction of skeletal muscle
actin
18.3%
the three-
base sequence of nucleotides at one end of a tRNA molecule
anticodon
18.3%
a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is unaware of the other organism (+/
o)
commensalism
18.1%
a synonym for anaerobic respiration. the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
fermentation
18.1%
a ripened ovary of a flowering plant
fruit
18.1%
the kingdom that consists of heterotrophs that carry out extracellular digestion and have cell walls made of chitin
fungi
18.1%
a virus that attacks bacteria
bacteriophage
17.5%
a specialized region in a chromosome that holds the two chromatids together
centromere
17.5%
all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic (nonliving) factors with which they interact
ecosystem
17.5%
part of a flowering plant that produces male gametophytes
anther
17.3%
a scientific naming system where every organism has a unique name consisting of two parts: a genus name and a species name
binomial nomenclature
17%
the global ecosystem
biosphere
16.7%
a cyclical metabolic pathway in the dark reactions of photosynthesis that fixes or incorporates carbon into carbon dioxide and produces phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL), a three-
carbon
calvin cycle
16.7%
a complex network of protein filaments that gives a cell its shape and helps it move
cytoskeleton
16.4%
any process that gives of energy
exothermic
16.4%
a shallow groove in the cell surface in an animal cell where cytokinesis is taking place
cleavage furrow
16.2%
one type of mutation caused by a deletion or addition where the entire reading sequence of DNA is shifted
frameshift
16.2%
membranes in the chloroplast where the light reactions occur
grana
16.2%
the process by which cells expel substances
exocytosis
15.9%
an organelle in eukaryotes that lies near the nucleus and that packages and secretes substances for the cell
golgi apparatus
15.9%
organisms, like bacteria and fungi, that recycle nutrients back to the soil
decomposers
15.6%
a chromosomal mutation where a fragment is lost during cell division
deletion
15.6%
the interconnected feeding relationships of organisms in an ecosystem
food web
15.6%
the most common lethal genetic disease in the US; characterized by a buildup of extracellular fluid in the lungs and digestive tract
cystic fibrosis
15.4%
the limit to the number of individuals that can occupy one area at a particular time
carrying capacity
15.1%
an enzyme that permanently attaches pieces of DNA together
DNA ligase
15.1%
any process that absorbs energy
endergonic
14.8%
the internal membranes of mitochondria that are the site of the electron transport chain
cristae
14.6%
very large regions of the earth, named for the climatic conditions and for the predominant vegetation. ex, marine, tropical rain forest, and desert
biomes
14.3%
an example of genetic drift that results from the reduction of a population, typically by natural disaster. The surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the
bottleneck effect
14%
gland in the brain that releases many hormones, including growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-
stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and follicle-
stimulating ho
anterior pituitary
13.7%
a plant hormone that stimulates stem elongation and growth, enhances apical dominance, and is responsible for tropisms
auxin
13.7%
an inactivated X chromosome seen as a condensed body lying just inside the nuclear envelope
barr body
13.7%
carbon becomes fixed or incorporated into a molecule of PGAL. This happens during the Calvin cycle
carbon fixation
13.7%
a double membrane down the midline of a dividing plant cell between which the new cell wall will form
cell plate
13.7%
one of two structures in animal cells involved with cell division
centriole
13.7%
produced by B lymphocytes and destroy antigens
antibodies
13.5%
the process by which ATP is produced from the flow of protons through an ATP-
synthetase channel in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynt
chemiosmosis
13.2%
a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls
chitin
13.2%
the movement of alleles into or out of a population
gene flow
12.9%
one of many neurotransmitters.
acetylcholine
12.7%
the pathway along which food is transferred from one trophic level to the next
food chain
12.7%
change in the gene pool due to chance
genetic drift
12.7%
the technology of manipulating genes for practical purposes
genetic engineering
12.7%
definition
term
% Correct
the three-
base sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
codons
12.4%
a hormone released from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the ovarian follicle
follicle-stimulating hormone
12.4%
structures, such as a bat's wing and a fly's wing, that have the same function, but the similarity is superficial and reflects an adaptation to similar environments, not a common a
analogous structures
12.1%
the positive pole in an electrolytic cell
anode
12.1%
one type of associative learning that is widely accepted because of the ingenious work of Ivan Pavlov associating a novel stimulus with an innately recognized one
classical conditioning
12.1%
evolution that occurs when unrelated species occupy the same environment and are subjected to similar selective pressures and show similar adaptations
convergent evolution
12.1%
a sequence of membrane proteins that carry electrons through a series of redox reactions to produce ATP
electron transport chain
12.1%
cells with internal membranes
eukaryotes
12.1%
the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid with the release of a small amount of atp without oxygen
anaerobic respiration
11.9%
the intentional selection of specific individuals with desired traits for breeding
artificial selection
11.9%
accessory photosynthetic pigment that is yellow or orange
carotenoid
11.9%
the embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the viscera, the digestive tract, and other internal organs
endoderm
11.9%
released by the posterior pituitary, its target is the collecting tube of the nephron
antidiuretic hormone
11.6%
the formation of new species caused by separation by geography, such as mountain ranges, canyons, rivers, lakes, glaciers, altitude, or longitude
allopatric speciation
11.3%
a plant with anatomical and biochemical modifications for a dry environment, examples are sugarcane and corn
c-4 plant
11.3%
a coenzyme that carries protons or electrons from glycolysis and the krebs cycle to the electron transport chain
FAD
11.3%
the monoploid generation of a plant
gametophyte
11.3%
a rapid change in the membrane of a nerve or muscle cell when a stimulus causes an impulse to pass.
action potential
11.1%
any abnormal number of a particular chromosome.
aneuploidy
11.1%
nonvascular plants like mosses
bryophytes
11.1%
this theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-
living prokaryotes that took up residence inside larger prokaryotic cells in a permanent, symbiotic relationshi
endosymbiosis
11.1%
a gaseous plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening and opposes auxins in its actions
ethylene
11.1%
the types of genes an organism has
genotype
11.1%
the protein shell that encloses viral DNA or RNA
capsid
10.8%
a system of transport channels inside a eukaryotic cell
endoplasmic reticulum
10.5%
the food source for the growing embryo in monocots
endosperm
10.5%
a type of enzyme that changes its conformation and its function in response to a modifier.
allosteric
10.2%
one type of learning in which one stimulus becomes linked, through experience, to another
associative learning
10.2%
participates directly in the light-
dependent reactions of photosynthesis
chlorophyll a
10.2%
a primitive form of sexual reproduction that is characteristic of bacteria and some algae
conjugation
10.2%
strands for expressed sequences of DNA. these are genes
exons
10.2%
a regulatory protein whose levels fluctuate cyclically in a cell, in part, related to the timing of cell division
cyclin
10%
a subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess an embryonic seed leaf made of two halves or cotyledons
dicotyledon
10%
selection that increases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms
disruptive selection
9.7%
the copycat coloration where one harmless animal mimics the coloration of one that is poisonous. an example is the viceroy butterfly, which is harmless but looks similar to the mon
batesian mimicry
9.4%
an enzyme produced in all cells to decompose hydrogen peroxide, a by-
product of cell respiration
catalase
9.2%
the site at which a crossover and recombination occurs
chiasma
9.2%
a neurotransmitter
dopamine
9.2%
the theory that organisms descend from a common ancestor gradually, over a long period of time, in a linear or branching fashion
gradualism
9.2%
the sensory processes of a neuron
dendrites
8.9%
a digestive cavity with only one opening, characteristic of cnidarians
gastrovascular cavity
8.9%
the negative pole in an electrolytic cell
cathode
8.6%
the final, stable community in an ecosystem
climax community
8.4%
evolution that is caused by two species that interact and influence each other. all predator-
prey relationships are examples
coevolution
8.4%
factors, such as starvation, that increase directly as the population density increases
density-dependent factors
8.4%
a model of the food chain that demonstrates the interaction of the organisms and the loss of energy
food pyramid
8.4%
Plant hormone that inhibits growth, closes stomates during times of water stress and counteracts breaking of dormancy.
ABA
8.1%
the preferential growth of a plant upward (toward the sun), rather than laterally
apical dominance
8.1%
acts as an antenna pigment, expanding the wavelengths of light that can be used to power photosythensis
chlorophyll b
8.1%
the germ layer that gives rise to the skin and vervous system
ectoderm
8.1%
an example of genetic drift, when a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area; it is most likely not genetically representative of the original larger p
founder effect
8.1%
the main component of the waxy cuticle covering leaves to minimize water loss
cutin
7.8%
connected to each sieve tube member in the phloem and nurtures the sieve tube elements
companion cell
7.8%
translates as 'true feeding'. a process begun by the entrance of large amounts of nutrients into a lake, ultimately ending with the death of the lake
eutrophication
7.8%
part of the digestive tract of many animals. it is the site of mechanical digestion
gizzard
7.8%
part of the digestive tract of many animals where food is temporarily stored until it can continue to the gizzard
crop
7.5%
two separate genes control one trait, but one gene masks the expression of the other gene
epistasis
7.5%
animals that can raise their body temperature, although they cannot maintain a stable body temperature
endotherms
7.3%
the general term for the overall movement of a fluid in one direction in an organism, such as sap flowing in a tree or blood flowing in a human
bulk flow
7%
convert nitrates (NO3) into free atmospheric nitrogen
denitrifying bacteria
7%
plant hormone that promotes stem elongation
gibberellins
7%
the branch of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary muscles
autonomic nervous system
6.7%
the common type of plant
c-3 plant
6.7%
the body cavity that arises from within the mesoderm and is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue
coelom
6.7%
factors, such as earthquakes, whose occurrence is unrelated to the population density
density-independent factors
6.7%
an innate, highly stereotypic behavior, which when begun, is continued to completion, no matter how useless
fixed action pattern
6.7%
cells that nourish neurons
glial cells
6.7%
definition
term
% Correct
a trophic process in which substances in the food chain become more concentrated with each link of the food chain
biological magnification
6.5%
an iron-
containing pigment present in the electron transport chain of all aerobes
cytochrome
6.5%
the type of immunity when an individual makes his or her own antibodies after being ill and recovering or after being given an immunization or vaccine
active immunity
6.2%
a kinase whose activity depends on the level of dyclins and what controls the timing of cell division
CDKs
6.2%
an important part of the immune system, a group of about twenty proteins that assists in lysing cells
complement
6.2%
a characteristic of normal cells grown in culture that causes cell division to cease when the culture becomes too crowded
density-dependent inhibition
6.2%
a neurotransmitter
epinephrine
6.2%
the network of cell walls and intercellular spaces within a plant body that permits extensive extracellular movement of water within a plant
apoplast
5.9%
produces antibodies
B lymphocyte
5.9%
consumers that derive their nutrition from nonliving, organic matter
detrivores
5.9%
selection where one phenotype replaced another in the gene pool
directional selection
5.9%
part of the light-
dependent reactions in photosynthesis where electrons travel on a short-
circuit pathway to replenish ATP levels only
cyclic photophosphorylation
5.7%
an electrical state where the inside of an excitable cell is made less negative compared with the outside. if an axon is depolarized, an impulse is passing
depolarization
5.7%
cloaks the capsid of a virus and aids the virus in infecting the host. derived from membranes of host cells
envelope
5.7%
organisms that can live without oxygen in the environment
facultative anaerobes
5.7%
a neurotransmitter
GABA
5.7%
the process of leaves falling of a tree or bush.
abscission
5.4%
accessory photosynthetic pigment that expands the wavelengths of light that can be used to pwer photosynthesis
antenna pigment
5.4%
part of the developing embryo that will become the upper part of the stem and the leaves of a plant
epicotyl
5.4%
the emergence of numerous species from one common ancestor introduced into an environment
adaptive radiation
5.1%
a type of photosynthetic plant cell that is tightly packed around the veins in a leaf
bundle sheath cell
4.9%
the expression of two or more genes where each depends upon the alleles of the other in order for a trait to show
complementary genes
4.9%
a type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells
cytotoxic T cells
4.9%
structures in plants that produce male gametes
antheridia
4.6%
genes outside the nucleus, in the mitochondria and chloroplasts
extranuclear genes
4.6%
a channel in a plasma membrane for one specific ion, such as sodium or calcium. in the terminal branch of a neuron, it is responsible for the release of neurotransmitter into the s
gated-ion channel
4.6%
the genus name for the bacterium that produces botulism, a very serious form of food poisoning
botulinum
4.3%
a variation in some trait of individuals coordinated with some gradual change in temperature or other factor over a geographic range
cline
4.3%
animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during early embryonic development
deuterostomes
4.3%
the range of expression of mutant genes
expressivity
4.3%
certain traits whose expression varies, depending on the parent from which they are inherited. diseases that result from imprinting are prader-
willi and angelman sydromes
genomic imprinting
4.3%
located in the cristae of mitochondria and thylakoids of chloroplasts, these are membrane channels that allow protons to diffuse down a gradient in the production of ATP
ATP-synthase channels
4%
plant hormone that stimulates cell division and delays senescence (aging)
cytokinins
4%
the sequential rebuilding of an entire ecosystem after a disaster
ecological succession
4%
muscles of glands
effectors
4%
a molecule with both a positive and negative pole.
amphipathic
3.8%
the maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions
biotic potential
3.8%
the complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome.
chromatin network
3.8%
evolution that occurs when a population becomes isolated (for any reason) from the rest of the species, becomes exposed to new selective pressures, and evolves into a new species
divergent evolution
3.8%
chemicals that stimulate helper T cells, B cells, and killer T cells
cytokines
3.5%
structures in plants that produce female gametes
archegonia
3.2%
plant cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls that are alive at maturity and that function to support the growing stem
collenchyma cells
3.2%
a form of selection that acts to decrease the frequency of the more-
common phenotypes and increase the frequency of the less-
common types
frequency-dependent selection
3.2%
an enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid as part of the system that maintains blood pH at 7.4
carbonic acid anhydrase
3%
the bright, often red or orange coloration of poisonous animals as a warning that predators should avoid them
aposematic coloration
2.7%
the tightly packed layer of cells that surrounds the vascular cylinder in the root of a plant
endodermis
2.4%
an enzyme that breaks down excess neurotransmitter
esterase
2.4%
a hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates other glands to release their hormones
gonadopropic-releasing hormone
2.4%
the particular three-
dimensional shape of a protein molecule
conformation
2.2%
stinging cells in all cnidarians
cnidocytes
1.9%
branching evolution occurs when a new species branches out from a parent
cladogenesis
1.6%
a mechanism or strategy to maximize the rate of diffusion. this is a major strategy to transport substances across membranes passively, such as in the nephron
countercurrent mechanism
1.6%
photosynthetic plants that grow on other trees rather than supporting themselves
epiphytes
1.6%
force of attraction between molecules of water due to hydrogen bonding
cohesion tension
1.3%
a hormone that helps control metamorphosis in insects
ecdysone
1.3%
a chemical secreted by blood vessel endothelium and monocytes during an immune response to attract phagocytes to an area
chemokines
1.1%
collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges
choanocytes
1.1%
a protective jacket of cells that prevents some plants' gametes and zygotes from drying out
gametangia
0.8%
cells that line the gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians
gastrodermis
0.8%
found in sponges, these cells are mobile and perform numerous functions, including reporduction, transport of food particles to nonfeeding cells, and secretion of material that for
amoebocytes
0.5%
a chemical fixative often used in the preparation of tissue for electron microscopy
gluteraldehyde
0.3%
the presence of two or more phenotypically distinct forms of a trait in a single population, such as two varieties of peppered moths, black ones and white ones
balanced polymorphism
0%
a fundamental mechanism in the development of immunity. antigenic molecules select or bind to specific B or T lymphocytes, activating them. The B cells then differentiate into plas
clonal selection
0%
two genes interact to produce a novel phenotype
collaboration
0%
an organism whose body is made of only two cell layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm. the two are connected by a noncellular layer called the mesoglea. includes porifera and cnida
dipoblastic
0%
the external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-
to-
cell communicatoin
glycocalyx
0%
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