small chambers (houses) made by plants that are often inhabited by insects
small chambers produced by parasites
each species benefits
one benefits and the other is unaffected
one species benefits and the other is harmed
each partner can only survive and reproduce successfully in the presence of the other
mutualism is beneficial but not essential for the survival of each
speciation in one species leads to speciation in another
geographic structure of populations is central to coevolution
selection that occurs in two species due to their interactions with one another; essential for coevolution
an increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of processes across the range of ecological settings
species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other
harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process
multiple unpleasant species resemble each other reinforcing the image
investment an offspring makes in growth and reproduction
advantage of a change in a character is correlated with disadvantage in other characters
the clutch size that maximizes the number of surviving offspring
a tradeoff between the mean and variance of fitness
overproduction of zygotes: not knowing how good the year will be it could be better to produce more offspring
overproduction of zygotes: if offspring vary in fitness and this can be identified early the offspring can be killed or abandoned
genome conflict: hybrid between male donkey and female horse
genome conflict: hybrid between female donkey and male horse
the process by which methyl groups are added to certain nucleotides
occurs when genes are silenced by one parent due to methylation
older female has lower overall health for caring for new offspring and death may cause fitness problems for existing offspring
older mothers may be often grandmothers by the time of menopause and therefore able to help inclusive fitness by helping raise grandchildren
simultaneous reproduction by successive generations of inlaws lowers survivorship of offspring
accumulation of random detrimental mutations causing aging
one gene influences multiple traits
a gene is beneficial for one trait and detrimental to another (good early in life and bad later in life)
the body budgets the amount of energy available and there is a tradeoff between reproduction and longevity
can kill and stunt the growth of cells that are damaged which prevents cancer
receptor imprinted by dad, gene imprinted by mom; small offspring is good for mom fitness
chelsmye
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