joining together of genetic material from two parents to produce an offspring that has gene from each parent
asexual lineages multiply faster than sexual lineages because all asexual individuals can reproduce. Sexual populations are reliant on the number of females
production of two different kinds of gametes, such as eggs and sperm
production of one kind of gamete
selection away from the mean
males and females must locate each other which costs time and energy and risk of predation
sexual reproduction can combine the beneficial mutations from different individuals accelerating adaptive evolution
process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner
sex helps host evolve enough genetic material fast enough to maintain their defense against parasites
probability that a male is the genetic sire of the offspring his mate produced
ratio of male to female individuals who are available for reproducing at any given time
differential reproductive success resulting from competition for fertilization which can occur through competition among the same sex (intrasexual) or attraction to the opposite se
attraction to the opposite sex
benefits that affect a particular female directly (food, nest, protection)
benefits that affect the genetic quality of a particular female's offspring
ornaments indicate males have better genes for resistance to parasites and metabolism; assumes that signals are honest; choosy females will have better survivorship
females choose males that have a characteristics that is similar in nature to a preference unrelated to reproduction
a model of sexual selection in which a positive feedback loop develops between genes that code for male traits and genes that code for particular mating preferences in females, lea
due to competition between members of the same sex
sexual selection after mating, males compete for fertilization of female's egg
single sexual partner during a period of time
mating system with one male and two or more females
mating systme with one female and two or more males
two or more females mate with two or more males
evolution of phenotypic characteristics that confer a fitness benefit to one sex but a fitness cost to the other
evolutionary relationship in which evolutionary changes in each species decreases the fitness of the other species
reducing an individual's own fitness while increasing the fitness of another
conflict within a genome; transposable elements; selfish genetic elements; replication of genes to the detriment of the organism
conflict within a species; can be for resources; sexual selection; parent and offspring
conflict between species; predation; limited resources; parasitism
mathematical approach to studying behavior that solves for the optimal decision in strategic situations (games) where the pay off to a particular choice depends on the choice of ot
for evolutionary biology it is the fitness increase; food, profit, good bit
for evolutionary biology it is the fitness decrease or injury
is a strategy cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy
cooperation among close relatives
sum of direct and indirect fitness
number of viable offspring
increase in reproduction of relatives due to individual's behavior
measures the expected proportions of shared alleles identical by descent
rB>C, action is likely if the relatedness times the benefit is greater than the cost
a social organization in which there is reproductive division of labor (not all individuals reproduce), overlapping generations, many individuals care for young
sex is determined by the number of copies of each chromosome that an individual receives; male develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid; females develop from fertilized eggs
altruistic behavior can be maintained evolutionary if individuals sequentially exchange acts of altruism; don't have to be relatives
one player cooperates and then repeats the last move of the other player; memory involved
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