| Hint | Answer |
|---|
| Lipids and proteins are inserted into new membranes as they are being formed in the _____ and then are used to form _____ for vitrually all of the sub-cellular organelles | |
| As membranes move from compartment to another, they get ______ | |
| If you look at the two lipid ______, the phospholipids are _______, the outer leaflet has types of phospholipids that the inner leaflet lacks and vice versa. | |
| The asymmetry of the phospholipids, the asymmetry is established in the _____ | |
| The cytosolic side of membrane buds will be found on the __ side of the target membrane, Golgi complex and _ membrane. It will change orientation to stay on the __ side | |
| Most membrane lipds are made entirely in the ____ | |
| The only lipids not made in the ER are those destined for mitochondria and _________ with produce their phospholipds with their own _________ enzymes | |
| Also, _______ and glycolipids get completed in the ________ | |
| Phospholipids are made on the ______ side of the ER by _________proteins | |
| Some phospholipids are destined for the inner leaflet and are flipped to that _______ side by enzymes called _______ | |
| The newly made phospholipids are carried from the _____ to the golgi complex in budded ______ | |
| Membranes in different organelles have different knids of phospholipids. The _______ are modified as they move from the ER to other parts of the cell | |
| The _ are how you can make the phospholipids on the inner and outer leaflets different | |
| Vesicles have ______- in them that can covert one phospholipd to another, like __________ to phosphatidylcholine | |
| Some phospholipids are incorporated in some _______ and some phospholipds are _____ | |
| In some cases, phospholipids can be transported through the ______ by phospholipid - ________ proteins to other organelles | |
| In the endoplasmic reticulum, a majority of the phospholipids are __________. | |
| Phosphatidylserine is found in ____ of the membranes | |
| ________ is found mainly in the plasma membrane | |
| Phospholipids of one membrane can differ from those of a bud from the same membrane. ________ heads are modified enzymatically in the ______ membrane | |
| Phospholipids buds differ from the same membrane because secondaly, phospholipids of one type can ________ in the area where a ____ will form | |
| Phospholipids buds differ from the same membrane by thirdly transferring phospholipids of one membrnae to another membrane via ___________ | |
| Almost all proteins made on the _____ become glycosylated | |
| ________ is critical for intermolecular interactions and for proper folding of _______ | |
| The kind of sugars and their order is precise on _________ | |
| The precise order of glycoproteins is accomplished by a family of _______ bound enzymes called _________ | |
| ________ transfer a specific sugar from a nucletoide sugar to the growing end of a _______ chain | |
| The order of sugars is precise bc the glycosyltransferases are aligned spatially so when one __ is added, the molecule moves to the next _ | |
| Oly __________ oligosaccharides are placed on polypeptides in the RER. _ oligiosacharies are put on in the golgi | |
| N-linked has ______ on the protein and the first sugar is the ________ | |
| The oligosaccharide is first constructed on a lipid molcule called ___________ which is embedded in the lipid bilayer. The monomeric sugars are then added individually in a precise | |
| The ocmpleted oligosaccharide is then transferred as a block to the _______ | |
| Adding sugars for N-linked oligosaccharides is as follows: 1. _ is added to the dilichol phosphate 2. A second N-acetylglucosamine added. 3. Nine ___ 4.three ___ | |
| | Hint | Answer |
|---|
| Once the sequence of sugars is completed, the _______ is trasnferred to the polypeptide while the _____ polypeptide is still entering the RER | |
| Mutations that affect the _______ are usually fatal | |
| After the first five mannoses are added to the dolichol phosphate, it flips to the ________ | |
| Once the oligosaccharides are attached to the _________, they get modified | |
| For modification, two of the _____- are removed | |
| Then ________ molecules, ________ and calreticulin examine the protein for quality control. | |
| The glycosylated protein then has the _____ glucose removed and the chaperones _______ | |
| The polypeptide is then inspected again by a _____________ enzyme | |
| If the protein does not pass inspection, a _______ is added back to the oligosaccharide, it gets re-folded and a new inspection occurs | |
| If the protein passes inspection, the _______ is removed and the protein is ready for use. | |
| The process of adding back a fluocse and re-inspecting can occur several times, but if it fails the protein undergoes ______. This is all called ________response | |
| Vesicles bud from smooth areas of the _____ and move toward the cis-golgi | |
| The vesicles leaving the RER to the cis-golgi are often attached to each by small ______ | |
| The golgi complex consists of 6-8 flattened, ___-like structures that have a ____-like deression in the middle. | |
| The individual discs of the golgi are called _______ and are _____ micron in thickness | |
| A golgi cisternae is connected to the next by _______ and arranged in ribbon-like form.______ bud from the periphery of the cisternae | |
| The order of the golgi is the _____, the medial and the ______ | |
| From the _____ golgi vesicles go off to the plasma membrane, organelles, etc. | |
| The __is closet to the RER and is a sorting station that either sends vesilces to the _ cisternae or back to the RER. It is composed of a series of interconnected network of | |
| The _____ is also an interconnected network of tubules and is the exit level of ________ vesicles | |
| The entire golgi cmplex is held in place by _______ elements which form and un-fom to allow the assemby and disassmeby of the golgi complex during cell _______ | |
| The golgi complex is a _______ organelle | |
| Proteins in vesivles move from the ____ to the ____-golgi network and undergo specific modifications as they move | |
| Certain modification like glycosylation of ________ membrane proteins and _______proteins | |
| When a glycosylated proten leaves the ____, the glucose residues have been removed. | |
| During movement from cis to trans golgi, most of the _ are remobed and other sugars are added by the __ | |
| The modified N-linked olgiosaccharides put on the polypeptide in the __________ are determined by which _______ are used and their spatial arrangement | |
| ______ residues are on the surfaces of all our cells, often terminal molecules, is a monosaccharide, has a _____ carbon backbone and can bind to _______ | |
| The golgi produces of most complex __, including the _ of proteogylcans. In plants, the golgi complex produces of ___ and pectin | |
| The coat of the vesicles of the RER and ______ provide _______ support and provides a _______ for selecting cargo to be carried by the vesicle | |
| There are two distinct layers of these coated vesicles, an ________ or scaffolidng and an inner layer of _____ that bind to the vesicles cargo | |
| There are three classes of coats of vesicles the ______, COPI, and _____ | |
| COPII move vesicles from the ____ to the ERGIC to the _____ | |
| | Hint | Answer |
|---|
| _____ moves vesicles from the golgi to the ____ and from trans to ___ | |
| Clathrin-coated vesicles move materials from _-golgi to endosomes __ and plant vaculoes | |
| Vesicular tubular carriers sometimes asist __&__vesicles | |
| COPII selectively concentrate components for transport from the __ to the __ by way of the ____ and the ERGIC . | |
| Integral membrane proteins in the RER memb are captured by the ______ coated vesicle becuase they have _____ singals on their cytoplasmic tails | |
| Proteins selected by the COPII-coats are ___ to be used by the golgi, such as _______ | |
| Proteins selected by the COPII-coats are ______ proteins imprtnat for docking and ____ wiht the target vesicle | |
| Proteins selected by the COPII-coats are membrane molecules capable of binding ______ cargo | |
| A ___ protein called Sar1 is necessary to signal formation of the COPII-coated vesicle. | |
| Sar1 is recruited to the ____membrane and then the G-protein has its GDP --> _____and undergoes a conformational change. This causes a bend in the ____ membrane and induces the for | |
| After Sar1 is used, two other proteins are then recruited, _____ & _____, that further increase the bending of the forming vesicle and act as an “______proteins” that causes th | |
| Once the COPII coat is assembled, the bud separates from the ____ as a mature COPII-coated vesicle | |
| On arriving at the Golgi complex, the COPII coat is disassembled, coat is released into the _, bc the _____ on the Sar 1 molecule is hydrolysedm replaced by __is | |
| COPI also require GTP to bind to a membrane protein,___ | |
| COPI-coated vesicles carry materials from the Golgi back to the ____. This can occur from the _____, medial or cis Golgi. T | |
| COPI vesicles carry proteins back to the ____because they were put in _____ vesicles by mistake or they carry ______ proteins that were carried away from the ER and must be returne | |
| When _____-coated vesicles return to the RER, the _____is hydrolyzed and the COPI coat disassembles. | |
| Retention of ______ in the RER is accomplished because large complex proteins and integral membrane proteins have short ______ tails and are not bound by______receptors | |
| Retrieval of “escaped” molecules occurs because they have short ________ sequences on their ___-terminus tails and these short tails act as “_______signals.” | |
| Retrieval of misplaced proteins with ___ cytoplasmic _occurs because the sequences on these __ ___includes KDEL (____-asp-____-leu). KDEL receptors are in the membranes of __ | |
| Sorting of proteins for their final destinations occurs in the _____ network | |
| When lysosomal proteins get to the ___, a _____ residue on the glycosylated region of the proteins is _ and this acts as a sorting signal for trans-Golgi network. | |
| The lysosomal enzymes are then selectively placed in a vesicle which is given a _______ coat. Adaptor proteins (______) associated with the clathrin coat then bind the enzymes as t | |
| GGAs bind to ____molecules on one end and to the cytosolic domains of the ____ receptor on the other end. | |
| The M6P receptor binds the enzymes on the inside. This arrangement concentrates the ____in the vesicle | |
| After these vesicle bud off of the _____-Golgi network, the clathrin coat disassembles. Likewise, the _____ receptors are released and they are returned to the _____ | |
| ______ engulg nutrients from the enviroment by engulging particles, bringing them into the ctoplasm, fusing wiht _____ and digesting the contents | |
| Vertebrates have types of white blood cells that are professional _____ and include _____ and neutriophils | |
| In phagocytosis, the engulfed vesicle is called a __ then fuses witha _ to become a __. After fusion occurs, the proton pump is acitvated and the ___drops. | |
| Neutropgils are also called ______ | |
| Monocytes become _____ | |
| Pathogens generally have specific molecules on surgaces that are called __________ | |
| In addition, reactive oxygen intermediates (__ and hydrogen peroxide) are produced and are toxic. | |
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