in the absence of other evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a given population will remain constant from generation to generation f(AA)=p^2, f(Aa)=2pq, f(aa)=q^2
within a given clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, and populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer environments
members of a species evolve into smaller or larger versions of themselves depending on the resources available in the environment, as is the case with island gigantism/dwarfism
two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist at constant population values
within a species of endotherms, more heavily pigmented forms tend to be found in more humid environments (such as near the equator)
if one sex in the hybrid offspring of two different species proves absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is more likely to be the heterogametic sex (two different sex chromosomes)
genes should increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the fitness cost to the actor rB > C
in fish, meristic characteristics such as number of fin rays, vertebrae, and scales increase as water temperature decreases
clutch size in birds (and analogous quantities in other organisms) corresponds with the largest number of offspring for which the parents can, on average, provide enough food
in some animals, if there is an increase in average body size, sexual dimorphism in body size increases if the male is the larger sex and decreases if the female is the larger sex
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