Increases H+ secretion. VERY HIGH in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Source is G cells in the antrum of stomach, and duodenum
Source is D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)
Increased by acid, decreased by vagal stimulation
Decreases gastric acid and pepsinogen, gallbladder contraction, insulin and glucagon, and pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion
Source is I cells (duodenum, jejunum)
Increases sphincter of Oddi relaxation and pancreatic secretion
Source is S cells (duodenum)
Increases pancreatic HCO3 secretion and decreases gastric acid secretion
Source is K cells (duodenum, jejunum)
Increases insulin release, decreases gastric acid secretion
Unlike other hormones, this hormone is increased to not just one or two, but all of the following: fatty acids, amino acids, glucose
Source is small intestine. Increased during fasting state. Erythromycin is an agonist to its receptor.
Source is parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, and small intestine. Increased by distention and vagal stimulation. Decreased by adrenergic input.
Pancreatic tumor with symptoms: watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria. (WDHA syndrome)
Increases intestinal water and elecrolyte (HCO3) secretion. Increases relaxation of smooth muscle and sphincters
Increases smooth muscle relaxation, including lower esophageal sphincter. But does not effect GI secretions.
Source is the stomach. Increases appetite. High levels in Prader-Willi syndrome. Decreased levels after gastric bypass surgery.
Source is parietal cells (stomach). Required for vitamin B12 uptake in terminal ileum
Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leads to pernicious anemia due a lack of...
Source is parietal cells (stomach). Decreases stomach pH.
Increased by histamine, vagal stimulation (ACh), and gastrin. Decreased by somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin, and secretin
Source is Chief cells (stomach).
Aids in protein digestion. Inactive form is converted to active form in the presence of H+
Source is mucosal cells (stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas) and Brunner’s glands (duodenum)
Aids in starch digestion. Pancreatic secretion, secreted in active form. Breaks alpha1-4 linkages.
Aids in Fat digestion. Pancreatic secretion. Hydrolyzes 1- and 3- bonds of triglycerides.
Aids in protein digestion. Pancreatic secretion. Auto-digestion of pancreas in pancreatitis.
Includes trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidases. Secreted as proenzymes known as zymogens
Includes Colipase, Lipase, and phospholipase A (last one is activated by trypsin)
Once active, activates other proenzymes. Activated by itself and enterokinase/enteropeptidase (latter is a brush-border enzyme)
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