What was the intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late 15th and early 16th centuries called?
It combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity. They advocated education and believed that to change society, they must first change the human beings who compose it.
This man believes that Christianity should be a guiding philosophy than a system of dogmatic beliefs and practices.
His 'Praise of Folly' (1509) engaged in humorous yet effective criticism of the most corrupt practices of his own society.
True or False?
Erasmus eventually disapproved of Luther and the Prostestant reformers because he never had intentions of destroying the unity of the medieval Church, merely reform it.
This Englishman was a devout man, and was praised by his comtemporaries for his family, a shining model of Christian family life.
He wrote 'Utopia,' where he reflects his own concerns of the economic, social, and political problems of his day.
Thomas More's religious devotion in the Catholic Church ultimately proved even more important than his service to the king.
Who was Thomas More's king that broke from the Catholic Church, who refused to approve his divorce?
What is the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously called?
Church officeholders ignored their duties and hired underlings who sometimes lacked the proper qualifications.
Who wrote 'The Imitation of Christ?'
~ 'Truly, at the day of judgement we shall not be examined by what we have read, but what we have done; not how well we have spoken, but how religiously we have lived.'
Martin Luther was born on November 10, 1483. After he studied law, he entered the monastic order of the Augustinian Hermits in Erfurt.
Of what nationality was Martin Luther?
This is one of seven sacraments of the Catholic Church that provided for the forgiveness of one's sins.
It was also known as the sacrament of penance. Luther spent hours confessing, but was always doubtful: Had he remembered all his sins? Were they accepted by the all-powerful God?
This is the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation.
It taught that humans are saved not through good works but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus.
Luther arrived at his doctrines from his study of this book, which became the chief guide to religious truth.
This rambunctious Dominican hawked the indulgences in Germany with the slogan 'As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.'
The profits of the indulgences were split between the seller and the finance of the building of Saint Peter's Basillica.
What did Martin Luther issue in 1517?
It was an indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences.
True or False?
Pope Leo X took Luther's Ninety-Five Theses very seriously and redefined the practice of indulgences.
Luther wrote 'Address to the Nobility of the German Nation' in 1520.
He called for the German princes to overthrow WHO in Germany and establish a reformed German church?
True or False?
Luther called for the reform of monasticism and for the clergy to marry.
Luther was excommunicated by the Church in 1521.
He was then summoned to appear before the Reichstag, the imperial diet of what empire?
At the Reichstag in Worms, Luther refused to recant his heretical doctrines.
Emperor Charles V made Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire with this decree.
Martin Luther went into hiding with the help of the Elector of Saxony at Wartburg Castle in 1521.
What notable thing did he do with his time there?
Lutheranism was primarily spread by the sermon and these objects that contained anti-church picturesque woodcuts.
Luther found opposition from radicals and older generation Christian humanists.
In 1525, Luther wrote this pamphlet in which he called German princes to 'smite, slay, and stab' the peasants in rebellion.
One radical wished to initiate a more radical reform by abolishing all relics, images, and the Mass.
Another radical inflamed the peasants against their rulers and was a catalyst for the Peasants' War of 1524-1525. Who were these two radicals?
To Luther, who was ordained by God and given the authority to maintain the peace and order necessary for the spread of the Gospel?
What two sacraments did Luther keep?
One of these signified rebirth through grace.
This doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church taught that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.
Luther denied this doctrine, but insisted upon the real prescence of Jesus's body and blood.
Luther rejected the Catholic doctrine of Tradition.
A hierarchical priesthood was unnessary since all Christians who followed the word of God were their own priests, constituting a __ .
Lutheran churches in Germany and Scandinavia quickly became this types of churches in which the state supervised and disciplined church members.
True or False?
Luther's religious services consisted of a vernacular liturgy.
Luther married a former nun in 1525.
His union provided a model of married and family life for the new Protestant minister. What is the name of Luther's wife?
'I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse.'
This man controlled Spain, Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, and Naples. Who was king of Spain (1516-1556) and Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556) during Luther's Reformation?
What was the war fought intermittently between 1521 and 1544 that prevented Charles V from concentrating on the Lutheran problem in Germany?
Francis I of France was worried of being surrounded by Habsburg territory, and so was constantly in conflict with Charles V.
On whose side did the Papal States, under Pope Clement VII, enter in the Habsburg-Valois Wars?
Guided by political considerations, not religious ones, Clement was more fearful of the opposing sides power in Italy.
In 1527 Charles V attacked this city, and gave it a fearful and bloody sacking.
By 1530, Charles V stood supreme over much of Italy.
Charles V defeated this empire at Vienna in 1529.
This empire had acquired control of much of North Africa, the Christian island of Rhodes, and Hungary under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificient.
True or False?
In the 16th century, the princely states, ecclesiastical principalities, and free imperial states desired to have a strong emperor.
Charles V demanded the Lutherans to return to the Catholic Church in 1531. Fearful of Charles's intentions, eight princes and eleven imperial cities formed a defensive alliance.
What was this Protestant alliance called that vowed to assist each other 'whenever any one of us is attacked on account of the Word of God and the doctrine of the Gospel'?
The Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547) pitted Charles V's imperial army against the Schmalkaldic League and the French king, Henry II (Catholic).
An end of religious warfare in Germany was created with this agreement.
In what year was the Peace of Augsburg agreed upon?
It acknoledged the division of Christianity and granted Lutheranism equal legal standing as Catholicism. It allowed for each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects.
By the 1540s, Scandinavia had become which religion's stronghold?
What loose association of thirteen self-governing states called cantons became virtually independent of the Holy Roman Empire in 1499?
Six forest cantons were democratic republics and seven urban cantons, including Zurich, were governed by city councils controlled by oligarchies of wealthy citizens.
Who began a reform movement in Switzerland, beginning in Zurich?
Using public debates, he had a strong influence over the city council of Zurich. He abolished relics, images, music, monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope's authority. He instituted a new liturgy and removed all paintings and decorations from the churches.
A foretaste of issues would divide one reform group from another and lead to the creation of different Protestant groups.
At this debate, Zwingli and Luther failed to agree on the interpretation of the Lord's Supper. Zwingli believed it to be a symbollic memorial, while Luther insisted on the real prescence of the body and blood of Jesus.
These people favored a far more radical reform movement. They advocated adult rather than infant baptism.
They followed a strict sort of democracy in which all believers were considered equal. They believed in complete separation of church and state. They accepted that they would have to suffer for their faith and was in favor of simple Christian living according to what they believed was the pure word of God. They were considered dangerous radicals on a political and religious scale.
Melchiorites, a variety of Anabaptists, found safe haven in the city of Munster in Westphalia of northwestern Germany.
They shared this belief: the belief that the end of the world is at hand and the kingdom of God is about to be established on earth, or __ .
These Melchiorites believed that Munster would be the __ .
They took control of the city, drove everyone who they thought was godless out, and proclaimed communal ownership of all property. In 1535, a joint army of Catholics and Lutherans recaptured the city and executed John of Leiden and other Anabaptist leaders.
This man was most responsible of rejuvenating Dutch Anabaptism.
He dedicated his life to the spread of a peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that stressed separation from the world in order to truly emulate the life of Jesus. He imposed strict discipline and banned those who refused to conform to his rules. Mennonites and the Amish are still present to this day.
King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife because she had failed to produce a male heir.
Who had Henry fallen in love with and had demanded an official marriage of Henry?
Who did Henry VIII appoint as archbishop of Canterbury in 1532?
Who did Henry VIII appoint as the king's principal secretary after he dismissed Cardinal Wolsey in 1529?
In 1534, Parliament passed this act which declared that the king was 'taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.'
The English monarch now controlled the church in all matters of doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline. This initiated the complete break of the Church of England with Rome.
Parliament passed this act, making it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supreme head of the church.
Thomas More challenged the new order, as former lord chancellor. His conscience could not accept the victory of the national state over the church as a Christian. He was beheaded in London on July 6, 1535.
Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, __ , Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr.
She bore Henry his first male heir: Edward VI, who ascended to the throne at the age of nine. Real control of England was given to a regency, so the nation was moved toward a more Protestant direction, such a right of clerical marriage, elimination of images, and institution of the Book of Common Prayer, and new prayer book and liturgical guide. Also, years earlier, monastery lands were confiscated and sold to nobles for financial reasons.
Queen Mary I intended to restore England to Catholicism. The public disliked her marriage with Philip II, future king of Spain.
Mary lose Calais, the last English possession in France after the Hundred Years' War and burned more than three hundred Protestant heretics. As a result of her reign, England was MORE Protestant than before her reign. After her reign, Protestantism was identified as English resistance of Spanish interference. What was Mary I's nickname?
Who wrote the 'Institutes of the Christian Religion', which was a synthesis of Protestant thought?
This man stood very close to Luther on most important doctrines, but heavily emphasized the absolute sovereignty of God. He created a dynamic and activist faith, which became the militant international form of Protestantism.
This is a belief associated with Calvinism that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect).
To be one of the saved, you must have an open profession of faith, a decent and godly life, and participate in the sacraments of baptism and communion.
The city council of this city accepted Calvin's Ecclesiastical Ordinances in 1541.
The document created a church government that used both clergy and laymen in the service of the church. The Consistory was set up to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of the citizens. Serious crimes led to excommunication, banishment, and public whippings.
Philip Melanchton was given the title Praecepter Germaniae, meaning __ .
He advocated state education, divisions based on age and capabilities, and introduction of secondary school, where the humanist emphasis on liberal arts was combined with religious instruction.
Some historians prefer to call the Catholic Reformation this because it was directly aimed at stopping the spread of Protestantism.
A component of the Catholic Reformation was Saint Teresa of Avila and her Carmelite nuns. The Benedictines and Dominicans were reformed, and the Franciscans, Theatines, and Ursulines were founded.
Ignatius of Loyola was injured in battle and vowed to be a soldier for God. He wrote the book 'The Spiritual Exercises'.
He founded this order that was grounded on the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, a strict hierarchical order for the society, and the use of education. They resembled the structure of a military command. This order helped spread Christianity to the Far East and produced missionaries like Francis Xavier and Matteo Ricci.
Pope Paul III called for this general council of Christendom in 1545.
This council reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs: Scripture and Tradition, Faith and Good Works, Seven Sacraments, Transubstantiation, Clerical Celibacy, Purgatory, Indulgences, Seminaries. Pope Paul III also established the Roman Inquisition or Hholy Office in 1542 to ferret out doctrinal errors.
Pope Paul IV was known as the 'first true pope of the Catholic Counter-Reformation'.
He created this list of books that Catholics were not allowed to read. It included all works of Protestant theologians as well as authors considered unwholesome, a category general enough to include the works of Erasmus.
What were French Calvinists called?
Many of these Calvinists were massacred on the infamous Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. They faced the staunchly Catholic house of Guise and the Holy League.
Who were the people who emerged during the French Wars of Religion in the 16th century?
They placed politics above religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war.
The French Wars of Religion and the War of the Three Henries ended in 1594.
Henry of Navarre became Henry IV and converted from Protesant to Catholicism for the peace of France. He issued this act in 1598, which acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places and were allowed to enjoy political privileges.
'The Most Catholic King' of Spain wanted to consolidate Spanish lands, to enforce strict conformity of Catholicism using the Spanish Inquisition, and to establish a strong monarchy
He managed to expand royal power in Spain, but left Spain's economy in shambles after his reign as a result of the expenses of war and the dependance and failing of the silver market.
William of Nassau, prince of Orange organized this nation in 1609, and it received its independence in 1648.
Originally, seventeen provinces, the southern provinces, the Union of Arras, accepted Spanish control, while the northern provinces, the Union of Utrecht became this new nation.
Who succeeded Mary I in 1558? She was the daughter of Henry VIII.
She instituted a new Act of Supremacy ('Supreme governor of this realm, as well as in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes, as temporal' rather than 'supreme head of the church'), an Act of Uniformity (restoration of Book of Common Prayer), and the Thirty-Nine Articles (a new confession of faith that defined theological issues midway between Lutheranism and Calvinism).
These English Protestants were inspired by Calvinist theology and wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England.
Elizabeth managed to keep them at bay and also had her Catholic cousin, Mary, queen of Scots, beheaded for attempted assassinations.
Who did Elizabeth hire to plunder Spanish fleets loaded with gold and silver?
She encouraged English piracy and provided aid for the French Huguenots and Dutch Calvinists against France and Spain. Elizabeth realized that war would be disastrous for her island nation and her rule, though she succeeded in stopping the Spanish Armada.
What was this speech called that Queen Elizabeth addressed toward Parliament in 1601?
'There will never Queen sit in my seat with more zeal to my country, care for my subjects, and that will sooner with willingness venture her life for your good and safety, than myself.'
What year did Columbus discover the Americas on the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria?
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