| A cursory Google search is maddeningly elusive about whether and when the Saracens held Monaco, with some public domain sources hidden in tiny incomplete snippets. Wikipedia's articles on the History of Monaco, the Saracens and the history of Islam in Southern Italy are similarly indirect (e.g. the Saracens "were finally expelled" around A.D. 975 without specifying in particular how, whether or when they arrived in the first place.) The Saracens (from al-Andalus) certainly surrounded Monaco, and it seems extremely likely to me that they occupied Monaco, too, but it's just not very clear from the sources I could dig up. The clearest one, quite hostile to the Saracens (perhaps justifiably, I don't know) is The History of Monaco, Past and Present, by H. Pemberton (1867), which you can view, search and download in full for free from Google Books. That one seems pretty definite that the Saracens controlled Monaco (in fact the coast from Monaco to St. Tropez from their fortress at Fraxinet) until driven out of Provence by the Grimaldis (Prince Rainier's ancestors). My guess is that you should include Monaco as a full answer, rather than a bonus, but the whole question is a little fuzzy, as I'm sure many of the other countries are. |
Countries of the Ottoman Empire
Countries of the Portuguese Empire
Countries of the Dutch Empire
