| What is the average percentage of body weight contributed by TBW? |
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| What fraction of TBW is intracellular fluid? |
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| What is the term for the hyrostatic pressure required to oppose the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient? |
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| When I express osmotic concentrations as mOsm solute/ kg of solvent, what am I using? |
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| When I express osmotic concentrations as mOsm of solute per L of solvent, what am I using? |
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| I have calculated an osmotic concentration from known concentrations. What is it? |
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| If you have the concentration of sodium ions in the ECF, what would you multiply it by to get the approximate osmolality? |
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| what is the more proper term for 'effective osmolality?' |
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| What ion concentraiton is low inside cells compared to the plasma or interstitium? Which one is high? |
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| What is the principle determinant of extracellular and intravascular fluid volume? |
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| What type of fluid therapy involves administering fluids with a similar composition to ECF? |
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| If you wanted to insure that osmotically active particles remained in the plasma compartment, would you administer colloids or crystalloids? |
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| If you wanted ONLY to increase the volume of the ECF, what type of fluid would you administer? Give an example? |
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| If you want to increase the volume of both the ECF and ICF, and it is acceptable for the ECF to decrease in osmolality, what type of solution would you administer? |
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| If you want to dramatically increase the volume of the ECF, and don't mind decreasing the ICF volume, what would you administer? |
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| What is an example of a hypotonic solution? |
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| What percentage of the kidney is required for it to function? |
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| Aside from the afferent and efferent arterioles, what are the other components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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| True or false: the juxtaglomerular apparatus is important in controlling both systemic and local vascular resistance, but individual nephrons have no ability to regulate their GFR. |
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| What is the volume of plasma filtered by all glomeruli over a given time referred to as? |
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| True or false: 2-4 mL/kg/min would be a normal volume of plasma to be filtered by all the glomeruli in a 10kg dog? |
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| True or false: a 500 kg horse produces 720 to 1440 L of urine per day? |
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| True or false: over 99% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed |
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| Will a negatively charged molecule between 2 and 4 nm be more likely to escape through the filtration barrier of the glomerulus than a positvely charged one? |
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| True or false: the ultrafiltration coefficient may be altered by the contraction of mesangial cells in response to calcitonin and angiotensin I |
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| A patient presents with marked proteinuria, mild hematuria, hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema. What is your most likely differential diagnosis? |
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| Fill in the blanks: Between ___ mmHg and ____ mmHg, autoregulation will maintain a near-constant GFR. |
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| By the myogenic reflex, increased arterial wall tension leads to ____ |
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| The myogenic reflex is modulated by prostaglandins and stretch receptors. True or false? |
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| Which of the following is not a vasoconstrictor of renal vessels? Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, ANF, Endothelin |
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| The two outcomes of sympathetic stimulation on renal vessels are: |
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| Fill in the blanks: Renin, released by the ___ ____, converts angiotensinogen, released by the ____, into angiotensin I, which is then converted by ____ into angiotensin II. |
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| Which of the following is not an effect of Angiotensin II? Increased reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and K+, increased aldosterone secretion, arteriolar vasoconstriction or increased ADH |
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| True or false: the macula densa secretes unknown paracrine factors which can decrease the GFR by causing the afferent arteriole to constrict? |
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| What is the term for the rate at which a substance is cleared from plasma? |
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| What substance can be used to ascertain GFR from its clerance, because it is neither secreted nor reabsorbed? |
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| True or false: due to slight tubular secretion, creatinine leads to a slight underestimation of GFR if you calculate clearance? |
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| What is an increased concentration of urea and creatinine in plasma/serum termed as? |
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| Approximately what percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? What percentage of Na+? |
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| True or false: ~100% of all filtered glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? |
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| Where does water enter after leaving the lumen of the descending loop of henle? |
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| Which is more permeable to water, the descending or ascending loop of henle? |
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| True or false: 30% of the Na+ filtered is reabsobred in the ascending loop of henle? |
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| What hormone primarily is in control of the variable water reabsorption in the collecting duct? |
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| True or false: the fractional reabsorption rate and the fractional excretion rate, when added together, make 100% |
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| Fractional excretion or clearance rate is equal to clearance of x over clearance of _____? |
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| With what section of the nephron lumen would you associate an extensive brush border? |
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| what enzyme's activity can be used to gauge injury to proximal tubular cells? |
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| symport and antiport are both types of? |
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| true or false: glucose is reabsorbed from the lumen of the proximal tubule to the circulation by a two step process including GLUT1 and 2 passively transporting it on the apical me |
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| If glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules, how can diabetic patients have glucosuria? |
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| What defect in tubular transport would you associated most with middle-aged basengji dogs? |
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| True or false: glucosuria can be a non-diagnostic component of renal failure? |
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| Why does the overall osmolality of filtrate not change after the PCT? |
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| Cells in the thin-walled descending limb of henle are permeable to ____ and ___ but impermeable to ____ |
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| How are sodium, potassium and chlorine ions reabsorbed in the ascending limb of loop of henle? |
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| True or false: Urea, together with sodium, potassium and chlorine ions are concentrated in the ISF of the renal medulla? |
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| Furosemide is a powerful diuretic. What does it block? |
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| With which urea transporter would you associate the inner medullary collecting duct? What hormone mediates its activity? |
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| True or false: the distal tubule is permeable to water |
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| What class of drugs inhibits sodium-chloride symporters in the distal tubule? |
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| Which of the two types of cells found in the distal convoluted tubule is associated with potassium and hydrogen ion regulation and acid base balance? |
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| Within the collecting duct, aldosterone enhances ______ reabsorption and ______ excretion. |
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| After ADH binds to the basal receptors and activates a cAMP second messenger system, what type of aquaporin is inserted into the lumenal membrane? |
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| When ADH is present, urine will be _____ |
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| Vasopressin is released from the _______, regulated by _____. |
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| What is the specific gravity range of isotonic urine? |
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| What are the two types of diabetes insipidus? |
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| True or false: primary renal disease is likely in dehydrated patients with dilute urine? |
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| Angiotensin II causes _____ of afferent and efferent arterioles, and stimulates the ____ to take up Na+ and water |
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| Aldosterone works on all segments of the nephron from _____ onwards, and enhances Na+ _____ and K+ ____ |
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| What hormone works in opposition to Angiotensin II? What is the ultimate result? |
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| Calcitriol and PTH promote reabsorption of calcium in what two segments of the nephron? |
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| What hormone works in opposition to calcitriol and PTH? |
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| True or false: the ECF volume (sodium content system) is dependent upon a functional osmolality (H2O) system? |
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| Where are low-pressure mechanoreceptors located? |
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| Where are high-pressure mechanoreceptors found? |
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| What two influences affect sodium reabsorption in the PCT? |
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| What two influences affect sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron? |
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| True or false: angiotensin II and norepinephrine stimulate the Na+/H+ exchanger in the basal membrane? |
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| Which of the following hormones does not affect Na/H exchangers: NE, angiotensin II, aldosterone |
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| Which of the following hormones does not work in the collecting duct: ANF, angiotensin II, ADH |
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| Osmotic sensors are to ADH as volume sensors are to? |
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| True or false: Hyperkalemia can be a complication in patients who are taking diuretics for a prolonged amount of time? |
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| What is the name for the rapid uptake of potassium by cells of the body to prevent increases in serum potassium concentration, followed by a slow measured release? |
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| What do epinephrine, insulin and aldosterone have in common? |
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| True or false: Exercise can increase potassium concentration in serum without underlying pathology |
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| Where in the nephron do the potassium channels allowing for secretion reside? |
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| true or false: potassium directly stimulates its own secretion, as well as indirectly by increasing aldosterone release? |
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| What cells within the kidney produce EPO? |
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Digits of Pi
Multiplication Table
Minute Math (Addition)
