| Define volatile acid, or provide an example? |
|---|
| |
|
| True or false: Ketone bodies and lactic acid, as well as the byproducts of protein metabolism, are all examples of non-volatile acids |
|---|
| |
|
| The urine of carnivores and omnivores tends to be _____, while that of herbivores is more often ____ |
|---|
| |
| |
| True or false: the normal range of pH in a healthy animal is 6.9 to 7.8? |
|---|
| |
|
| Place the following in order of decreasing speed of regulation of pH: kidneys, buffers, respiratory system |
|---|
| |
|
| A mixture of a weak acid and its salt would produce? |
|---|
| |
|
| Which has a higher pKa, the phosphate or bicarbonate buffering system? |
|---|
| |
|
| True or false: carbonate in bone may become involved in buffering with chronic metabolic acidosis? |
|---|
| |
|
| What percentage of CO2 is transported as HCO3-? |
|---|
| |
|
| What enzyme is responsible for converting CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid? |
|---|
| |
|
| What equation describes the derivation of pH as a measure of acidity (pKa) in biological and chemical systems? |
|---|
| |
|
| At normal blood pH, what is the approximate ratio of bicarbonate to H2CO3? |
|---|
| |
|
| What do kidneys do over days to normalize blood pH? |
|---|
| |
|
| What are the three mechanisms by which the kidneys may regulate HCO3- and H+? |
|---|
| |
| |
| Which section of the nephron reabsorbs the most bicarbonate (~85%)? |
|---|
| |
|
| In what section of the nephron is new bicarbonate regenerated? |
|---|
| |
|
| How do intercalated cells in the collecting duct alter the rate of H+ excretion? |
|---|
| |
|
| Acidosis will stimulate increased ___-___ exchanger in proximal tubule, enhanced _____ production and increased H+-ATPase activity in ____ ____ |
|---|
| |
|
|
| What hormone stimulates luminal H+-ATPase? |
|---|
| |
|
| True or false: hypokalemia leads to increased secretion of H+ which is exchanged with bicarbonate? |
|---|
| |
|
| What is the amount of strong acid that must be added to a litre of oxygenated blood at 37*C to return it to pH 7.4 termed? |
|---|
| |
|
| True or false: Actual base excess is affected by pCO2 |
|---|
| |
|
| True or false: sodium bicarbonate should never be used to treat metabolic acidosis |
|---|
| |
|
| What are the four types of simple acid/base disturbances? |
|---|
| |
| |
| What three parameters are taken into account when making a nomogram? What is it used to calculate? |
|---|
| |
| |
| Hyperventilation commonly causes what type of acid/base disturbance? |
|---|
| |
|
| What is the most common kind of acid-base imbalance? |
|---|
| |
|
| Which of the following is NOT a common cause of metabolic acidosis? Complications of diabetes, shock, lactic acid accumulation, pneumonia, starvation, kidney failure? |
|---|
| |
|
| Which of the following is NOT a common cause of metabolic alkalosis? Constipation, vomiting, diabetes, antacid medications |
|---|
| |
|
| Rate and depth of breathing are elevated in response to metabolic ____? |
|---|
| |
|
| If a patient is suffering from respiratory acidosis, and the kidneys have had time to compensate, pCO2 and bicarbonate will be? |
|---|
| |
|
| What is the term for increased pCO2? |
|---|
| |
|
| Proteins, phosphate, lactate and sulphate collectively fill what? |
|---|
| |
|
| Why might AG not be elevated in cases of metabolic acidosis? |
|---|
| |
|
| Would you associate elevated AG with organic or inorganic metabolic acidosis? |
|---|
| |
|
| Why might a hemorrhage cause a patient with metabolic acidosis to not have an elevated AG when they normally would? |
|---|
| |
|
| What kind of ions do not readily combine iwth others? |
|---|
| |
|
| What two parameters are measured by subtracting the strong anions from the strong cations? |
|---|
| |
|
| Administering large doses of NaCl solution carries what risk? |
|---|
| |
|
Periodic Table
Planets from the Sun
Digits of Pi
