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Event Year Description Treaty of Redon This treaty involved Henry VII sending 6000 troops to Brittany to help in the war against France. Brittany would pay for the troops. However this was ultimately unsuccessful The northern rising An unsuccessful attempt by the Northern, Catholic nobles to depose Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots. Was ultimately unsuccessful as it retreated, with the leaders fleeing into Scotland when it encountered a larger government force Treaty of Étaples The treaty which paid off Henry's invasion included the expulsion of Warbeck from France and a pension of 50,000 crowns per annum which increased Henry's income by at least half. He did have to accept French control of Brittany but he could not do much about it anyway! Treaty of Westminster (England joins Holy League against France) Treaty signed between Ferdinand and Henry entering England into the Holy League Warbeck's attempted invasion at Deal Warbeck attempted an invasion at Deal in Kent but had to abort as 150 of his supporters were killed before he disembarked. He fled to Ireland and then meeting resistance to Scotland Treaty of Perpetual peace The treaty ended the intermittent warfare between England and Scotland and a marriage alliance created between Margaret Tudor Henry VII's daughter and James IV. The treaty eventually led to the union of the crowns as Margaret and James had a child Lambert Simnel Crowned in Ireland and subsequent Battle of East Stoke Simnel was crowned Edward VI, however the army of Yorkists and Irish Mercenaries were narrowly defeated. This is often considered the last battle in the Wars of the Roses Treaty of Nonsuch (month) Treaty between Elizabeth and the Dutch Rebels pledging military and financial assistance. Philip took it as a declaration of war leading to the Armada three years later Execution of Warbeck 0 Magnus Intercursus This treaty meant the Netherlands would stop interfering in English domestic affairs, e.g. Warbeck and secured trading rights between the two countries as well as Venice, Florence and the Hanseatic League Treaty of Vervins Philip recognised Henry IV as King of France and ended his intervention in France Perkin Warbeck in Ireland 0 The Cornish rebellion and capture of Warbeck Henry had to raise taxes to defeat the Scottish invasion, this led to the first Cornwall uprising three months before Warbeck arrived. The first uprising was defeated at the battle of Blackheath with some difficulty. This was followed a few months later by Warbeck's landing which gained the support of 6000 men. However he panicked when he heard the kings troops were near and deserted his army surrendering at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis (month) The treaty ended the Habsburg Valois wars Treaty of Berwick and subsequent treaty of Edinburgh The Treaty of Berwick secured a relationship between the Protestant Scottish Lords and Elizabeth ensuring they would both help one another against the French. This was followed by the Treaty of Edinburgh later that year which ended the Auld Alliance and started an alliance between England and the newly protestant Scotland Kett's Rebellion A rebellion centred around enclosures, led by Robert Kett. Was eventually put down after taking the city of Norwich by a strong government force. Act of Supremacy The act of supremacy established Henry VIII as supreme head of the church of England Battle of the Spurs (month) The Anglo-Imperial force in France defeated a French cavalry force which had misjudged the size and position of the opposition force. In reality it was only a minor skirmish with the Anglo-Imperial artillery causing the French to retreat with great haste. This led to the surrender of Therouanne which the cavalry force had been sent to aid League of Cognac against Charles V Henry eventually agreed to join the league of Cognac against Charles V with the treaty of Westminster April 1527 Philip of Burgundy's unexpected arrival in England and the Malus Intercursus Philip's ship was blown of course while sailing to Spain with his wife who had become queen of Spain and forced to land in Portsmouth becoming Henry's guest he was pressurised into the generous trade treaty of the Malus Intercursus. However the treaty did not come into effect as Philip died before it was ratified Treaty of Medina del Campo (month) The treaty agreed a military alliance against France, though much more favourable to the Spanish, the reduction of tariffs between the two countries and most significantly the agreement of marriage between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon Capture of Boulogne (month) 0 Execution of Mary Queen of Scots Mary was implicated in the Babington plot the previous year and found guilty of treason, necessitating death. Elizabeth very reluctantly agreed but did not want the execution to be carried about immediately however. This was ignored though and Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded at Fotheringhay castle. Henry VIII's war against James V's Scotland Henry asked his nephew James to also break with Rome, which James declined. He then failed to meet Henry at York. This led to Henry sending a force to Scotland and a retaliatory Scottish force invading resulting in the battle of Solway Moss Battle of Bosworth (month) This effectively marked the end of the wars of the roses and the accession of Henry VII thus starting the Tudor dynasty Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon Henry VII had doubts about the marriage which is why it had not happened before his death of Tuberculosis Tyrone Rebellion A major Irish uprising against English rule eventually ending in defeat for the Irish six days after Elizabeth I's death The Papal Bull of Excommunication against Elizabeth 0 Death of Philip II and accession of Philip III 0 Treaties of Greenwich This set up a marriage alliance between Edward and Mary Queen of Scots which would have united the crowns. However the Scots repudiated the treaties in December which led to war with Henry in which the English did considerable damage to Edinburgh, however Henry was unsuccessful and Somerset was unable to secure the marriage during the second phase of fighting due to strong French intervention Accession of James IV in Scotland Considered the most successful Stewart monarch of Scotland he became the last monarch from Great Britain to be killed in battle Cleves marriage and annulment Following the 1538 treaty of Nice between the French and Habsburg Empire invasion was a very real possibility especially because the pope had excommunicated Henry and England the same year. Therefore Henry in looking for a new wife and for Protestant allies married Anne of Cleves who was the sister of the protestant Duke of Cleves. However Henry quickly annulled the marriage privately calling her a 'Flanders mare', since the Habsburg Valois dispute had recommenced the risk of invasion was now significantly less

Event Year Description Defeat of Breton resistance English troops had been in Brittany through the previous two years however the resistance was eventually defeated and Anne of Brittany married Charles VIII of France in December Treaty of Blois defensive treaty between France and England against Spain Philip II's successful invasion of Portugal Increased his naval strength significantly allowing for the armada Warbeck's arrival in Flanders and the subsequent embargo on trade with the Netherlands 0 Mary Queen of Scots abdication After the suspicious death of her first husband Lard Darnley and her quick remarriage to the man who is thought to be his murderer James Hepburn the Scots rose up against her rule, she was forced to flee Scotland and seek help from Elizabeth her first cousin once removed Death of Isabella of Castille 0 Seizure of Genoese treasure ships bound for the Netherlands 0 Death of Henry VIII and accession of Edward VI (month) 0 Treaty of Troyes After the surrender of Le Havre to the French the previous year this was a peace treaty in which the French agreed to pay an indemnity and Elizabeth gave up her claim to Calais Elizabeth's rejection of sovereignty in the Netherlands 0 Death of Charles IX and accession of Henri III 0 Loss of Calais Mary's loss of Calais was a big blow to her prestige within England even though it was financially burdensome Death of Wolsey (month) Having fallen from grace the year before for what Henry perceived as a slowing of proceedings regarding his annulment and ultimately failure in that regard. Wolsey died on the way to London accused of treason Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon 0 Death of Arthur (month) Arthur died suddenly at Ludlow castle of what may have been consumption, diabetes or what was termed sleeping sickness Massacre of Hawkins' men at San Juan D'Ulua This was a humiliating naval defeat of the English by a Spanish fleet in the port of San Jan D'Ulua where the English lost 500 men Henry VIII's second war with France (inclusive dates of duration) Henry sided with Charles V against France, however Henry could make little headway with his own goals and after he received nothing from the treaty of Madrid he ended the war with the Anglo French treaty of the more in august 1525 Death of Elizabeth of York 0 Death of Emperor Maximilian and the election of Charles to the throne of the HRE Charles defeated the claims of both Henry VIII and Francis I and succeeded his grandfather Maximilian giving him control over Spain, the HRE and Burgundy The Prayer Book Rebellion or western uprising A new English prayer book was instituted by the reforming government to replace the old Latin one. This caused great unrest in particular in conservative parts of the country such as Devon and Cornwall where wheat prices had recently quadrupled because of inflation. This led to an uprising demanding the reinstatement of the Latin texts. There were some underlying social demands such as limiting the extent of the lands which the gentry owned. The uprising was put down in a series of bloody conflicts culminating in the battle of Sampford Courtenay reconciliation of southern Netherland's provinces with Philip II 0 James IV's invasion in support of Warbeck James did abort when resources ran out and the hoped for uprising in Northumberland did not happen. He withdrew his support for Warbeck as a peace was signed between England and Scotland the following year Assassination of Henri III and accession of Henry IV After the French wars of religion Henry IV finally took power in 1594 five years after the death of Henri III, however he had to renounce his protestant faith something which lost him favour with Elizabeth who had supported him 7 year truce of Ayton with Scotland James withdrew his support for Warbeck by sending him to Ireland and signing this treaty with Henry Battle of Pinkie Somerset invaded Scotland in a continuation of the rough wooing attempting to secure a marriage between Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots. He was successful at the battle where between six and fifteen thousand Scots were killed in what is considered the first modern battle in Great Britain. However he would ultimately be unsuccessful as Mary was sent to France the following year Spanish landing at Kinsdale, Ireland Spanish troops surrendered by the following year Death of Francis II and accession of Charles IX under regency Francis II was Mary Queen of Scots husband and his death allowed her to return to Scotland especially as her mother Mary of Guise who had been ruling Scotland had also died earlier that year Battle of Flodden (month) James IV invaded England breaking the treaty of perpetual peace to uphold the Auld Alliance and attempt to draw some of Henry VIII's resources away from France. The Scots positioned the commanders at the front of the battle formation and so much of the Scottish nobility was lost, including the death of James IV whose blood stained coat was sent to Henry by Catherine of Aragon Death of Mary I and accession of Elizabeth I 0 Treaty of Hampton court with Huguenots Elizabeth promised economic and military aid to the Protestant faction in the French civil war Assassination of William of Orange 0 Treaty of Boulogne With Northumberland's rise to power a more conciliatory policy towards France was entertained with Boulogne retuned for an indemnity, the end of the war with Scotland as well as the exchange of seven prisoners between the two countries

Event Year Description The Yorkshire rebellion under Henry VII the rebellion was in response to the rise in tax caused by the Brittany campaign as well as a result of general unrest after the loss of the Wars of the Roses. The leader Sir John Egremont led the rebels and fled to Flanders once they it was put down Death of Anjou Francis Duke of Anjou Elizabeth's last suitor and part of the French royal family. However he defected to the protestants and gave strong support for the rebels in the Netherlands Pilgrimage of Grace This was a major uprising centred around York which was unhappy at the break with Rome as well as high prices due to a bad harvest. Henry managed to defeat the uprising by promising them conciliation and then subsequently hanging the leaders and carrying out none of the things he had promised Accession of Francis I of France and his victory at Marignano The newly crowned Francis defeated a Swiss force and retook Milan which Louis XII had lost two years earlier Execution of Anne Boleyn (month) Anne produced a daughter Elizabeth, however she then had several miscarriages and Henry ran out of patience. She was executed for adultery which constitutes treason for a monarch Wyatt's rebellion This was a generally protestant rebellion against the potential marriage of Mary to Philip II of Spain. Many people in the country wanted her to marry an Englishman. The rebellion was eventually stopped by the support of Londoners who checked the rebels progress. The rebels lost impetus and disbanded, with many of their leaders being hung Henry VII's invasion of France (month) Henry took advantage of Charles VIII's preoccupation in Italy to make a calculated invasion Fall of Somerset (month) Somerset's ruling ineptitude eventually caught up with him as the financial ruin caused by his Scottish war led to rebellions across the country and his downfall. He was executed in 1552 Abdication of Charles V and the partition of the Holy Roman Empire Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip who received the Spanish Empire and his younger brother Ferdinand who received the Habsburg lands in Central Europe Treaty of Angers Marriage treat between the English and French Edward VI was to marry one of Henri II's daughters, however his death prevented this being carried out. Death of Francis I and Accession of Henri II of France 0 Henry VIII's first war against France dates of duration (inclusive) 0 Battle of Solway Moss (month) The disintegration of the Scottish leadership structure turned the battle into the rout. James died a couple of weeks later of a fever lamenting the loss, though he was never present. He left a six day old daughter Mary behind Discovery of Ridolfi plot Plot to kill Elizabeth and marry Mary Queen of Scots to the 4th duke of Norfolk Death of Henri II and accession of Francis II 0 Field of Cloth of Gold and Henry VIII subsequent meeting of Charles at Calais Both the Habsburg Empire under Charles V and the French under Francis I wanted to make an alliance with England against the other. Henry therefore met both of them, with the field of cloth of gold being particularly spectacular. Henry eventually sided with the Habsburgs against the French with a formal treaty the following year, even though her had signed a peace treaty with the French in 1514 Death of Edward VI and accession of Mary I There was a short plot to put Lady Jane Grey on the throne which almost succeeded however Mary succeeded Edward in July Death of Ferdinand of Aragon and accession of Charles to the Spanish crown later to become Emperor Charles V 0 Treaty of London Non aggression pact between all the major European nations, designed as a move against the expanding ottoman empire. Was a significant foreign policy coup for Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey Franco-Spanish Treaty of Noyon Ended the war of the league of Cambria one stage of the Italian wars between the two nations Death of Elizabeth I (month) 0 Peace of Cambrai Francis had again suffered defeat against Charles and the treaty mirrored the treaty of Madrid three years earlier. It was slightly more lenient however as he had signed the treaty of Madrid while captured by Charles Anglo-French Peace of Ardres or Treaty of Camp This concluded a peace between France and England with Henry retaining Boulogne until 1554 when he would be paid a large lump sum for it. The pension would also recommence. Anne Boleyn crowned queen (month) 0 Spanish Armada 0 Fall of Cromwell Cromwell was unpopular with the conservative faction at court and the Cleves marriage provided the perfect opportunity to topple him. He was beheaded on tower hill on 28th July 1540 on the same day as Henry's marriage to Katherine Howard Massacre of St Bartholomew Murder of many of the leading Huguenots in Paris Papal Excommunication of Henry VIII 0 French victory in Brittany commencing French occupation This eventually led to the annexation of Brittany by France in 1532 through the edict of union between Brittany and France Edmund de la Pole's arrival in the Netherlands Edmund de la Pole was the leading Yorkist pretender to the crown and secured support in the Netherlands. This led to Henry imposing trade sanctions in January of 1505. Death of Henry VII and accession of Henry VIII (month) 0

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