| Event | Year(s) | # of years spanned |
| Euboean trading post on Pithecusae | |
| Traditional Date of Rome's Founding | |
| Creation of Greek Alphabet | |
| Founding of Carthage | |
| Greek Colonization in Southern Italy and Sicily | |
| Roman established as both a city and a state | |
| Traditional Date of the Founding of the Republic | |
| First codification of laws (Law of the Twelve Tables) | |
| Defeat and capture of the Etruscan city of Veii | |
| Battle of the Allia river (Gauls defeat Romans, capture and destroy all but the Capitol) | |
| Battle of the Caudine Forks | |
| 1st Pyrrhic War against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus | |
| 2nd Pyrrhic War against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus | |
| Defeat of Tartenum | |
| 1st Punic War | |
| “Truceless War” (Carthage vs revolting mercanaries) | |
| Sardinia becomes part of Rome's dominion | |
| Corsica becomes part of Rome's dominion | |
| Illyrian Wars (1st round) | |
| The Erbo Treaty | |
| Gallic Wars and conquest of Northern Italy | |
| Illyrian Wars (2nd round) | |
| 2nd Punic War | |
| Battle at the Trebia River (Hannibal defeats Rome) | |
| Battle of Lake Trasimene (Hannibal defeats Rome) | |
| Battle of Cannae (Hannibal defeats Rome) | |
| 1st Macedonian War | |
| Introduction of new coinage (denarius) | |
| Battle at the Metaurus River (Rome wins, kill Hannibal's brother) | |
| 'Peace of Pheonice' between Philip V and Rome | |
| Battle of Zama (Scipio's army defeats Hannibal's) | |
| Carthage asks Rome for peace | |
| 2nd Macedonian War | |
| War of the Romans against Antiochus III | |
| Battle of Magnesia-by-Sipylum, Romans defeat Antiochus III | |
| | Event | Year(s) | # of years spanned |
| Peace of Apameia/Apamea | |
| 3rd Macedonian War | |
| Battle of Pydna | |
| 4th Macedonian War | |
| 3rd Punic War, Carthage sacked | |
| Rebellion of the Achaean League | |
| Devaluation of the denarius | |
| Death of Attalus III of Pergamum, bequeaths kingdom to the people of Rome | |
| Tribuneate of Tiberius Gracchus & assassination | |
| Two tribuneships of Gaius Gracchus | |
| Suicide of Gaius Gracchus | |
| Province of Narbonese Gaul created (Provence) | |
| Jugerthine War | |
| War against Cimbri and Teutone tribes | |
| Social War (aka Italian War) | |
| Sulla's dictatorship | |
| Slave revolt in Italy and Sicily led by Spartacus | |
| 3rd Mithridatic War | |
| Pompey's war with pirates (3 months only) | |
| Pompey's settlement of the east | |
| Consulship of Cicero and Conspiracy of Catilina | |
| Julius Caesar elected consul, formation of 1st triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus | |
| Banishment of Cicero | |
| Gallic Wars | |
| Renewal of Triumvirate at Luca | |
| Death of Clodius, Pompey named sole consul | |
| Civil War | |
| 2nd consulship of Julius Caesar | |
| Senate appoints Caesar dictator for life | |
| Formation of 2nd Triumvirate: Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian | |
| Battle of Philippi, defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius | |
| Perusine War | |
| Treaty of Brundisium | |
| Battle of Actium (end of republic, beginning of empire) | |
| Octavian enters Alexandria, murder of Caesarion and suicides of Mark Antony and Cleopatra | |
| | Event | Year(s) | # of years spanned |
| Augustus (Octavian) Emperor | |
| Rule of Tiberius (Augustus step-son) | |
| Rule of Gaius Caligula | |
| Rule of Claudius | |
| Rule of Nero | |
| Revolt in Gaul of Vindex, fall and suicide of Nero | |
| Rule of Galba | |
| Year of the Four Emperors (Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian) | |
| Rule of Vespasian | |
| Temple of Jerusalem burns, Titus captures the city | |
| Eruption of Vesuvius and destruction of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae | |
| Rule of Titus | |
| Rule of Domitian | |
| Rule of Nerva | |
| Rule of Trajan | |
| End of Jewish Revolt | |
| Rule of Hadrian | |
| Hadrian adopts Antonius Pius who in turn adopts Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius | |
| Rule of Antonius Pius | |
| Parthian War | |
| Rule of Lucius Verus | |
| Rule of Marcus Aurelius | |
| 2nd Marcomannic War | |
| Rule of Commodus | |
| Rule of Pertinax (3 months, several coup attempts) | |
| Septimius Severus proclaimed emperor by his troops, backed by 16 legions marches on Rome | |
| Rule of Septimius Severus | |
| Caracalla and Geta become co-emperors | |
| Geta murdered | |
| 'Antonine Constitution' is promulgated, grants Roman citizenship to virtually all free peopel | |
| Caracalla is murdered, Macrinus has himself proclaimed emperor by the troops | |
| Elagabalus is proclaimed emperor by some of the troops, captures and executes Macrinus | |
| Elagabalus is assassinated and Alexander Severus is proclaimed emperor. | |
| Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea are murdered by Maximus | |
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