| hint | answer |
|---|
| Cancer cells have a decreased number in this type of junction | |
| required for tumors to grow beyond a few mm in diameter | |
| proteins important for sustaining tumor growth, trigger angiogenesis | |
| protein-degrading enzymes that are released into surrounding tissue and promote angiogenesis | |
| three natural angiogenesis inhibitors | |
| cancer cells spread from a primary tumor to another organ and form tiny clumps of cancer cells that remain inactive | |
| direct migration and penetration of cancer cells into neighboring tissues | |
| ability of cancer cells to enter bloodstream and travel to distant sites | |
| cancer cells have reduced levels of cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as | |
| cancer cells produce these protein-degrading enzymes | |
| degrades components of basal lamina and ECM, cleaves inactive precursors of MMPs, both of these facilitate tumor invasion | |
| what dictates where cancers will spread? | |
| one metastasis promoting gene is | |
| metastasis suppressor genes include | |
| bias when scientists fail to ensure that equal procedures are being used to measure cancer rates in populations being compared | |
| common problem when scientists rely on individuals to self-report | |
| error that arises when people volunteer nonrandomly for research studies | |
| scientific journals rarely publish studies which failed to detect a relationship | |
| a variable that affects the risk of developing cancer and is linked to the factor being investigated is a _____ variable | |
| cancer-causing agents | |
| cause cancer by triggering DNA mutations | |
| aflatoxins cause ____ cancer and are found in ____ | |
| asbestos causes | |
| uses bacteria with histidine deficiency to measure mutagenic potency | |
| tobacco smoke is responsible for about ___ of all cancer deaths | |
| these two act synergistically to increase cancer risk | |
| first virus shown to cause cancer, in chickens | |
| chemical found in dyes later found to cause bladder cancer | |
| the highest dose that can be administered without causing serious weight loss or immediate life-threatening toxicity | |
| a dose that must be exceeded before cancer rates begin to rise | |
| assumes a dose-response relationship with no threshold | |
| assumes no cancer risk at lower doses followed by a linear dose-response relationship at higher doses | |
| U-shaped dose-response curve, cancer rates decline at low doses of carcinogen | |
| inorganic carcinogens include these 3 metals | |
| any substance capable of causing cancer only when metabolically activated | |
| liver protein that activates precarcinogens | |
| reaction of epoxide with guanine forms this DNA-carciongen compelx | |
| the initiation stage of carcinogenesis is based on | |
| initiation converts normal cells to a ___ state | |
| promotion stimulates precancerous cells to | |
| The third stage of carcinogenesis is | |
| any change in gene expression that does not involve mutating the structure of a gene itself | |
| a chemical that exerts only one of either initiating or promoting properties | |
| a chemical that possesses both initiating and promoting activities | |
| agents exhibiting the potential to cause cancer | |
| procedure for early detection of cervical cancer | |
| detects blood in feces, sign of colorectal cancer | |
| measures how much prostate-specific antigen is present in bloodstream | |
Periodic Table
Planets from the Sun
Digits of Pi
