Premeditated violence for political gain, exacted by sub-state actors against civilian targets, aimed at influencing a wider audience through creating fear.
a set of beliefs and values describing goals, expectations and actions
a bond that sometimes develops during the hostage phase of hostage-taking (also called Stockholm Syndrome)
exposure to trauma and experience of at least one recurrent symptom
an operation whose goal is to attempt to persuade audiences to act, support, oppose, or remain indifferent to particular course of action in support of victory
Psychoanalytic Theories
Terrorists are young, lack self-esteem, and seek to consolidate their identity
Lack of motherly love damages self-image, creates a narcissistic rage
Narcissistic injuries create damaged self-concept-- splitting of personality
Non-Psychoanalytic Theories
Political violence may satisfy innate needs for stimulation and risk
Reduced or damaged cognitive capacity may be responsible for violent behavior
Blockage of attainment of goal (frustration) creates aggression
Staircase to Terrorism (from Ground Floor up)
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
FOURTH FLOOR
FIFTH FLOOR
Stages of Delegitimation
Erosion of group confidence in government
Challenging the legitimacy of the system, forming ideologies
Creation of new moral/behavioral standards, strategic terrorism
Moral Disengagement model
Deconstructive conduct made acceptable by portraying it as serving a moral purpose
Conferring respectable status on reprehensible activities
Own behavior is contrasted with other, seemingly worse, behavior
Viewing actions as resulting from dictates of other people
Selective inattention
Divests people of human qualities
Conduct viewed as compelled by provocation
Stages of Radicalization
Decision to engage in violence
Transition to violence takes place
Convergence of movement's view with that of the recruit
Recruits fully identify as members
Individual-Level Motivators and Enablers of Suicide Terrorists
death/injury of a loved one, perceived aggression, hatred
appeals to honor and manhood
loyalty to a cell/organization, family, friends.
service to God and family benefits
reduces the reservations to kill and die, and helps to justify the act
Hostage-Taking, Stress and Decision-Making
frantic searching for clues to the solution
shifting responsibility under stress; tends to result in staffers telling their boss what he wants to hear