| xx | xx | x |
|---|
| _________(“time-givers”) are environmental cues that usually help keep the circadian cycle | |
| (2 clusters ~10,000 - 50,000 neurons) are located in the hypothalamus just above the optic chiasm, on either side of the 3rd ventricle (rat) | |
| The SCN is innervated by the retina, via the ______. | |
| PER protein is susceptible to degradation unless it forms a ___ | |
| PER/PER and PER/CRY dimers translocate into the nucleus. The dimers interact with BMAL1/CLOCK to _____ activation. | |
| Mammalian CK1e is a critical regulator of ______ oscillations. | |
| CK1e in the cytoplasm phosphorylates susceptible PER proteins, making them less stable and eventually resulting in their __________. | |
| The ____ mutation in CK1e results in a change in the timing of production of proteins which influence circadian behaviors | |
| Cytoplasmic activity of mutant CK1e results in a _____ period | |
| Mutant human _____ gene results in shortened sleep cycle | |
| _________ peptides are usually found in bacterial walls and can induce sleep when a person has a bacterial infection. | |
| ML1 receptors in the SCN and neural retina are G-protein coupled receptors that _______ SCN activity. | |
| Receives fibers from the sensory pathways and influences alertness, maintenance of attention and wakefulness. | |
| ________waves (13-30 Hz) - Awake, alert | |
| _____waves (8-12 Hz) - Awake, relaxed | |
| _____waves (3.5-7.5 Hz) - Sleep | |
| _____waves (less than 3.5Hz) Slow-wave deep sleep | |
| Beta activity (found in the alert individual) has _____ amplitude (height of the wave) and high frequency. | |
| In Stage 1 sleep, EEG activity is of higher amplitude and ______ frequency than during waking. | |
| | xx | xx | x |
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| In Stage 2 sleep,the EEG is higher in amplitude and lower in frequency than during Stage 1, and contains both k-complexes (spike) and sleep _______(the rapid burst). | |
| In Stage 3 sleep, waves are slower and higher in amplitude, indicating greater ______ synchrony. | |
| In Stage 4 sleep, the EEG is higher in amplitude and lower in frequency than in any other stage. We call this highly synchronized pattern ______ activity. | |
| In REM sleep, the EEG is that of an _____ individual, muscle activity ceases completely, HR returns to the level it had at the start of sleep, and the eyes dart back and forth toge | |
| Congenitally blind people have ______ dreams | |
| ___% of dreams associated with sadness, apprehension or anger | |
| Penile/clitoral erection occurs in most people during _______ sleep. | |
| Selective deprivation of REM sleep results in REM _______ | |
| ______ spikes are thought to trigger REM sleep | |
| Serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphe nucleus and midbrain periaqueductal gray matter fire maximally during waking, and stop firing during _______sleep. | |
| Neurons that fire together during a learning episode also fire together during _____ following that episode | |
| Difficulty falling/staying asleep at night | |
| Relaxation of muscles at back of mouth and throat collapses airway | |
| Symptoms include sleep deprivation, high BP, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, stroke, impaired memory/concentration | |
| Incidence increases with age, obesity | |
| sleep attacks (2-5 min). Caused by defect in REM mechanisms. Symptoms include cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations | |
| REM without atonia Lesions to the locus coeruleus (in Pons) result in loss of atonia during REM sleep. Nightmares. | |
| Stages 4 (and 5, old classification) (all most common in children). Enuresis - bed wetting. Sleep walking. Night terrors -stage 4 Anguished screams, trembling, rapid pulse, no memo | |
| “creepy-crawly” or aching dysesthesias accompanied by irresistable urge to move legs symptoms temporarily disappear with movement worse during evening or night interfere with a | |
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Planets from the Sun
Multiplication Table
Minute Math (Addition)
