| Definition | Term |
|---|
| Knowledge comes from experience | |
| Studying the mind's structure, attempts to examine consciousness. Utilizes introspection. | |
| Focuses on the purposes of consciousness behavior, memories, habits, etc. Thinking about the mind's functions. | |
| Man who tried to measure the fastest and simplest mental processes. | |
| Different ways of approaching psychology. Such as neuroscience, evolutionary, behavioral, etc. | |
| Tendency to exaggerate one's ability to have forseen how an event would turn out, after learning the outcome. | |
| Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us. | |
| A research method where only one person, or a small group of people, are studied in depth | |
| A study format that observes the relationship between two variables. | |
| Any event, characteristic, condition or behavior being studied in an expirement | |
| Percieving order in random events. | |
| Observing human or animal behavior in it's natural environment. | |
| The measures of central tendency used to average statistics. | |
| A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. | |
| A measure of variation found by subtracting the smallest number from the largest. | |
| Term referring to the differences observed in an experiment are probably not due to chance variation between the samples. | |
| Control form in an experiment where a participant is given a stimulus that physically does nothing, but is told that it does, sometimes leading to the participant to believe that i | |
| An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment. | |
| System consisting of the brain & spinal chord. | |
| Links the CNS with the body's sense receptors, muscles & glands. | |
| Controls the glands & muscles of internal organs. | |
| Controls movement of skeletal muscles. | |
| A branch of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for defense. Characterized by increased heartbeat, reduced saliva, etc. | |
| A branch of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energy. Body is relaxed, pays more attention to food and bodily functions. | |
| Nerve cell, specialized cells that send & recieve signals. | |
| Fibers that recieve signals from the axons of other neurons and carry them to the cell body. | |
| A fiber that carries signals (action potential) away from the cell body. | |
| End of the axon where a chemical message is released. | |
| A slow chemical communication system of the body which uses a set of glands to secrete hormones into the bloodstream. It regulates metabolism, groth and sexual behavior. | |
| A group of interconnected deep brain structures, common to all mammals, and involved in olfaction, emotion, motivation, behavior, and various autonomic functions. | |
| Part of the brain which regulates body temperature and other autonomic needs. | |
| Part of the brain which relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex. | |
| An area located in the frontal lobe usually of the left cerebral hemisphere and associated with the motor control of speech. | |
| Lobe of the brain containing the sensory center of hearing in the brain. | |
| Lobe of the brain containing the visual center. | |
| Lobe of the brain which integrates sensory information from different modalities, particularly determining spatial sense and navigation. | |
| Lobe of the brain which allows for higher mental functions. Ability to determine between right & wrong, recognize potential consequences for future actions and determine similiarit | |
| | Definition | Term |
|---|
| A chemical produced by the body that affects the rest of the body. | |
| Pea-sized gland that controls other endocrine glands and influences growth, metabolism, and maturation. | |
| Part of the brain that is involved in sleeping/waking cycle and and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. | |
| Secretes hormones which control the heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. | |
| In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male & female. | |
| One's sense of being male or female. | |
| A set of epected behaviors for males or females. | |
| A person's characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity. | |
| The first stage of development within the womb that consists of the first two weeks. | |
| The stage of development within the womb from two weeks to two months. | |
| The stage from two months to birth. | |
| Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. | |
| Physical and cognitive abnormalities to a child caused by the mother drinking heavily during pregnancy. | |
| A baby's tendency to open it's mouth and search for the nipple when touched on the cheek. | |
| Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. | |
| A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. | |
| Interpreting one's new experience in term's of one's existing schemas. | |
| Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information. | |
| All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating. | |
| The stage (From birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. | |
| The awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved. Newborns do not have this. | |
| Stage (2 years to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. | |
| The principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. | |
| In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view. | |
| Fear of strangers infants often display. | |
| An emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver. | |
| An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. | |
| Psychologist whose experiments on rhesus monkeys demonstrated the importance of caregiving in social and cognitive development. | |
| Transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. | |
| Period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. | |
| Sexual organs that make reproduction possible (Ovaries, testes, etc.) | |
| Nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as female breasts and hips, or male voice quality and body hair. | |
| One's sense of self. | |
| An irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and physical functioning. | |
| Retesting the same people over a period of years. | |
| One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. | |
| One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly. | |
| | Definition | Term |
|---|
| Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. | |
| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. | |
| The minimum between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. | |
| The principle that, to be percieved as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. | |
| The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. | |
| Retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray. Necessary for peripheral and twilight vision. | |
| Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in faylight or well-lit conditions. They detect detail and give rise to color sensations. | |
| The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. | |
| Funnels sound waves to the eardrum. | |
| A tight membrane that vibrates with sound waves. | |
| Tiny bones which amplify vibrations. | |
| The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. | |
| A binocular cue for perceiving depth. | |
| Distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap. | |
| Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. | |
| A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. | |
| The biological sleep clock, regular bodyily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. | |
| The sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur. | |
| Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. | |
| Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. | |
| The inability to fall asleep. | |
| A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable and random sleeping. | |
| A sleep disorder where someone temporarily stops breathing while sleeping. | |
| Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Occur during stage 4 sleep and are rarely remembered. | |
| A sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. | |
| The remembered storyline of a dream. | |
| The underlying meaning of a dream. Freud had some vivid ideas about this... | |
| A chemical subatnce that alters perceptions and mood. | |
| The diminishing effects with regular use of the same dose of a drug. | |
| Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. (Alcohol, barbituates, opiates). | |
| Drugs that excite neural activitiy and speed up body functions. (Cocaine, caffeine, nicotine). | |
| A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur. | |
| A split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. | |
| Term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, which go unreported during hypnosis. | |
| Learning that certain events occur together. | |
| A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. | |
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