| Description | Study |
|---|
| Investigated theory of mind in Chimps | |
| Found monkeys will manipulate fellow monkeys, leading them to a box with a snake in so they can eat in peace | |
| Found lab-reared monkeys have no natural fear to snakes, but can learn this fear | |
| Devised progressive matrices, wherein the same problem gets progressively harder, thus requiring greater cognitive abilities | |
| created a purely statistical intelligence test, using normal distribution. His scales are known as WISC-R | |
| Identified an increase in IQs in all cultures over the past 80 years, leading to a self titled 'effect' | |
| Suggested 3 methods of assessing the genetic importance in intelligence: family studies, adoption studies and twin studies | |
| Created the triarchic theory, stating that intelligence is composed of different components that assess the best way to deal with a solution, execute processes and handle info. | |
| Believed intelligence was a single quality: subsequently found he was wrong by running a stall in South Kensington Museum | |
| observed monkeys imitating a leader who washed potatoes before eating | |
| found brain size correlates with foraging range in animals (relates to evolution of intelligence) | |
| devised the first proper intelligence test in France, leading to the creation of the I.Q. | |
| investigated chimps' ability to deceive for food | |
| Established a basic idea of what intelligence was by asking leading psychologists and members of the public to define what they thought made a person 'intelligent' | |
| found twins reared together had a very similar intelligence concordance rate to twins reared apart | |
| Composed a 3 level hierarchical model. Differed from 2 level model by saying retrieval and cognitive speed aren't part of intelligence | |
| Found nutrition has an effect on intelligence: children given dietary supplements had higher IQs after than those who didn't | |
| | Description | Study |
|---|
| Agreed with Galton's idea of a single 'intelligence', referring to it as general intelligence, or 'g' | |
| Used self-titled boxes to teach animals using reward and punishment | |
| criticised behavioural approaches by pointing out preparedness cannot be accounted for | |
| found significant correlation between brain size and social group (linked to evolution of intelligence) | |
| suggested animals don't necessarily use trial and error, but think about the problem first, e.g. Sultan the chimp. | |
| Multi-factorial model with 8 intelligence domains | |
| Paired rats, gave one a distinctive flavoured food, and found the other would select the same food when given a choice | |
| Composed a 2 level hierarchial model: 'g', then 5 intelligence types | |
| investigated knowledge attribution in chimps | |
| Researched non-human intelligence, suggesting that social learning could benefit animals | |
| Researched classical conditioning using dogs: related to research into simple learning | |
| Investigated genetics of IQ using MZ/DZ twins, though it was later suggested he made most of it up | |
| examined Machiavellian intelligence in baboons | |
| Found that children of mothers who smoked more that 20 cigarettes a day during pregnancy did badly on IQ tests, suggesting prenatal factors in intelligence | |
| created intelligence fair assessment, aimed at testing each of Gardner's domains in a natural state (Spectrum for pre-schoolers) | |
| sampled 200 adults, comparing Gardner's 8 domains, finding varying correlation strengths between varying pairs | |
| Created a multi-factorial model, claiming there are seven primary mental abilities | |
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