| Hint | Answer |
|---|
| Direct arterial vasodilators in CHF can reduce ___; to reduce both preload and afterload the vasodilator should be combined with a ___ such as a nitrate | |
| Digoxin toxicity results in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, visual changes, ___, fatigue, drowsiness, congusion, and ___; an Ab to digoxin, ___, can be used to neutralize serum | |
| Digoxin is excreted by the ___; the serum half life is about 36 hours; a ___ ___ is needed for rapid onset of action | |
| Angiotensin AT-1 receptor antagonists reverse ___ effect by blocking the receptors, leading to ___ (afterload), ___ (preload), and diuresis, as well as preventing cardiac and vascu | |
| Diuretics only provide ___ relief, and unlike ACE inhibitors do not improve survival or ___ | |
| This class of drug prevents the formation of Angiotensin II (and increases bradykinin) | |
| Beta blockers short term hemodynamic effects in CHF include ___ cardiac output and BP, but long term this shifts to ___ CO, and decreased LVEDP | |
| In the 'Death Spiral,' activation of the SNS and RAS results from decreased ___ ___ and chronic pressure/volume overload | |
| This expensive drug used in class III,IV PAH reduces pulmonary pressure, increases walking distance, and reduces hospitalization and mortality by fighting the effects of endothelin | |
| Digoxin provides positive inotropic effects by increased intracellular availability of ___ for contractile apparatus via inhibition of Na/K ATPase | |
| | Hint | Answer |
|---|
| This new therapy drug is FDA approved for IV treatment of Class IV CHF; it reduces preload and afterload, increases GFR and filtration fraction, among other effects | |
| This class of drug promotes Na+ and water excretion, reversing edema and pulmonary congestion | |
| The 'Death Spiral' will lead to maladaptive responses such as peripheral and pulmonary ___, ___ hypertrophy, interstitial ___, apoptosis, myocyte loss, and other effects | |
| Contraindications of beta blockers include heart block, ___, decompensated CHF, need for IV inotropes, and ___ ___ | |
| The hemodynamic effects of ACE inhibitors result in 'balanced' ___, a marked fall in ventricular filling pressure, a modest increase in ___ ___, and modest reduction in BP | |
| This drug class is not yet FDA approved to treat CFH yet, but the combination of reduced ang II and increased natriuretic peptides may provide additional benefit over ACE inhibitor | |
| This NYHA class presents symptoms upon minimal exertion, and presents clinically with dyspnea, orthopnea, PND, and edema | |
| This drug is a vasodilator that acts directly on the arterial s.m.; other vasodilators have been tried but are not effective in CHF | |
| Side effects of this drug class include hypotension, azotemia, cough, angioedema, skin rash, dysgeusia, and hyperkalemia | |
|
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Planets from the Sun
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