This country has it's roots in the Kingdom of Bohemia. It became independent in 1993 following the Velvet Revolution. It's topography is dominated by the Carpathian mountains and it's capital sits on the Danube.
The city state of Venice gained control over this country in 1204. It was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in 1468 until 1913. It then became an independent state and deposed it's only king, Zog I 1928-39.
This country became a power in Northern Europe following the 30 Years' War 1618-48. It lost it's influence following it's defeat in the Great Northern War 1700–21. It then abolished its monarchy and has not been involved in any war since 1814.
This country was first established in 681. In 1396 its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries. It declared itself an independent kingdom in 1908 and fought on the side of Germany in both World Wars.
England was invaded in 1066 by Harald 'Hardrada' Sigurdsson, the king of this country. It was part of the Kalmar Union that brought together some Scandinavian nations 1397-1523. Although close to the EU it's citizens have twice rejected membership in two referendums.
This became an independent country in 1830. It's independence and neutrality was gauranteed by the Treaty of London 1839. Neanderthal skulls were first discovered here in 1829 and it's Queen Charlotte was the last Emperess of Mexico.
As the Seventeen Provinces this country fought the Eighty Years' War 1568–1648 for independence from Spain. It fought four wars with England/Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries for control over sea trade routes. It built a colonial empire lasting from the 17th century to the mid-1950s.
As a Grand Duchy in the 15th century this country was the largest state in Europe. It's union with Poland lasted 1569-1795 when it became part of the Russian Empire. It declared independence in 1918; the USSR occupied it 1940 until 1990.
From the late 12th century until 1809 this country was a part of Sweden. It was then incorporated into the Russian Empire before declaring independence in 1917. It fought the Winter War against the USSR 1939-40 and maintained its independence.
This country founded the first and longest lived the global empire 1415-1999. It's mariners were the first to reach India, South America, the East Indies and Japan. It lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of it's capital in a 1755 earthquake.
This country was conquered by the Mongols 1237-40 and it's capital completely destroyed. Cossacks came predominately from Russia and this country. It is one of the world's largest exporters of grain.
This country is a continuation of a monastic community founded by a stonecutter in 301 AD. It claims to be the oldest surviving sovereign state and constitutional republic in the world. It's constitution is mostly based on six books written in the late 16th century.
This country has been ruled by the House of Grimaldi since 1297. It's constitutional monarch holds immense political power. It has no income tax, low business taxes and is well known for being a tax haven.
White Russia is an archaism for the eastern part of this country. Until the 20th century it's lands belonged to several countries. Much of it's borders took their modern shape in 1939.
This country existed as a Kingdom for nearly two centuries 925-1102. Fearing Ottoman conquest, in 1527 it elected the Habsburg monarch Ferdinand I to it's throne. It was a fascist puppet state in WWII becoming a part of Yugoslavia afterward.
After 150 years of Ottoman occupation this country came under Habsburg rule in 1169. It formed a significant part of an Empire with Austria 1867–1918. Together they lost 71% of their territories after World War One.
The Muslims were defeated in this country in the Battle of Tours 732 halting their advance into Europe. It lost nearly all it's established 17th century colonies during the 18th and early 19th centuries. It built a new empire mostly after 1850 chiefly in Africa, Indochina and the South Pacific.
This country was established in 1291. It has a history of armed neutrality and not been at war internationally since 1815. It is not a member of the EU but became a full member of the UN in 2002.
Most of this country was conquered by Muslims 711-788. It's empire lasted from the end of the 1400s to the late 19th century. It restored it's monarchy and democracy in 1978 after 39 years of dictatorship.
This country is the world's only remaining grand duchy. It's full independence was first recognised in 1839. It was one of the six founding members of the European Union.
This country can be traced back to 966 and was founded as a Kingdom in 1025. It had effectively ceased to exist by 1795 being reconstituted in 1918. It's semi-free parliamentary elections in 1989 led to a Solidarity-led government.
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